关节腔内反复激素注射诱发颞下颌关节骨关节炎1例

2020-02-12 张露珠 何冬梅 杨驰 中国实用口腔科杂志

颞下颌关节紊乱病是口腔颌面部常见疾病之一,以关节区及周围肌群的疼痛、下颌运动异常、关节弹响和杂音等为主要临床表现。在疾病早期多采用保守治疗,如口服药物、理疗、垫、关节腔封闭治疗等,封闭治疗包括关节腔注射药物及单纯的关节腔灌洗。对于晚期发生器质性病变(骨关节病)经保守治疗无效的患者,可选择手术治疗。

颞下颌关节紊乱病是口腔颌面部常见疾病之一,以关节区及周围肌群的疼痛、下颌运动异常、关节弹响和杂音等为主要临床表现。在疾病早期多采用保守治疗,如口服药物、理疗、垫、关节腔封闭治疗等,封闭治疗包括关节腔注射药物及单纯的关节腔灌洗。对于晚期发生器质性病变(骨关节病)经保守治疗无效的患者,可选择手术治疗。
 
20世纪50年代,Thorn最早将关节腔内注射糖皮质激素用于治疗风湿性关节炎。随后局麻药、维生素、透明质酸等药物也逐渐应用于关节腔封闭治疗。该方法在缓解无菌性炎症引起的疼痛方面能取得很好的疗效,同时避免了静脉注射激素的不良反应而沿用至今。
 
随着技术发展,医生们发现短期应用激素类药物虽具有明显的抗炎、缓解症状、减少渗出等优点,但长期关节内注射激素会引起关节软骨退变、骨吸收、软骨损害和短暂的继发性肾上腺功能不全等不良反应。对于关节腔内长期反复激素注射引起的软骨变化的相关报道主要集中于膝、肩、髋等大关节,对于颞下颌关节的报道不多。本文报告1例颞下颌关节腔内反复激素注射导致骨关节炎的病例,同时结合相关文献就此治疗方法进行讨论。
 
1.病例资料
 
1.1病史与检查
 
患者女,38岁,因“右侧耳前区反复疼痛不适,张口受限3年”为主诉于2016-07-26在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔外科就诊。患者3年前大张口时,右侧耳前区弹响、疼痛,伴张口受限,于当地医院诊断为右侧颞下颌关节紊乱病,3年内先后进行了12次右侧关节腔内注射治疗和3次左侧关节腔内注射治疗,药物均为复方倍他米松注射液0.2mL、生理盐水1mL和利多卡因1mL,每周1次,至症状缓解。近日,因连续注射6次后疼痛无好转而于我院就诊。患者否认全身系统性疾病、不明原因发热史、夜磨牙史和放化疗史。
 
临床检查:张口度为30mm,右侧髁突活动度较左侧明显减弱,开口右偏,右侧关节区有压痛,开闭口运动时可听及摩擦音。颞下颌关节MRI检查:右侧关节盘不可复性前移位,伴旋前内移,关节盘断裂穿孔,髁突嵴顶、关节窝骨质凹凸不平,前斜面变平,关节上下腔扩张、积液;左侧颞下颌关节盘外移,骨质无明显病变(图1a~d);髁突冠状位CT重建检查:右侧髁突骨皮质毛糙,边缘可见放射状、针状骨质增生,左侧髁突骨质正常(图1e)。



图1 颞下颌关节影像。aMRI斜矢状位片显示,右侧颞下颌关节盘不可复性前内移位,关节盘断裂穿孔;bMRI冠状位片显示,右侧髁突表面骨质凹凸不平;cMRI斜矢状位片显示,左侧颞下颌关节盘髁关系正常;dMRI冠状位片显示,左侧髁突表面骨质完整;eCT冠状位片显示,髁突右侧骨质破坏、左侧完好
 
 
根据临床表现及影像学资料诊断为右侧颞下颌关节骨关节病。1.3治疗过程于2016-08-11进行了右侧颞下颌关节探查术,术中见右侧关节腔内纤维组织及滑膜增生明显,髁突严重变形,关节面凹凸不平,软骨严重退变,关节盘穿孔(图2a)。手术切除严重变形的髁突(图2b),并进行了Biomet标准型人工关节置换。术后病理诊断为右侧髁突骨关节炎(图3)。患者术后疼痛消失。术后1年半随访检查显示,咬合关系稳定,张口度为36mm;头颅侧位片显示人工关节位置良好(图4)。


图2 术中照片。a右侧关节盘断裂穿孔变形,髁突表面凹凸不平;b髁突和残余关节盘标本


图3 髁突切片HE染色(光镜,×200)。软骨细胞排列紊乱,丧失正常的软骨层次,软骨与骨界限不清,滑膜内可见增生的血管


图4 术后头颅侧位片。
 
2.讨论
 
1951年,Thorn采用膝关节腔内注射糖皮质激素治疗风湿性关节炎,可起到抗炎、缓解症状、减少渗出的作用。后续也被应用于颞下颌关节,主要针对缓解疼痛症状。随着技术的发展,医生们发现多次注射激素后,患者的关节疼痛虽有改善,但关节软骨出现加速破坏的现象。Mcalindon等通过随机临床试验,探讨关节腔注射激素对膝关节骨关节炎患者软骨量及疼痛程度的影响;试验组注射曲安奈德40mg,对照组注射等量生理盐水,每12周注射1次,持续2年,应用MRI检查膝关节软骨体积,并通过量表反映疼痛程度;结果表明,对有症状的膝关节骨性关节炎患者,试验组软骨体积损失量较对照组明显增大,两组疼痛无明显差异。
 
研究发现,糖皮质激素损伤关节软骨的机制包括抑制软骨细胞增殖、促进软骨细胞凋亡、影响软骨内基质的代谢、破坏软骨下骨的生理环境等。Nakazawa等体外实验表明,较高剂量的糖皮质激素能直接诱导软骨细胞发生明显地凋亡,其凋亡机制与线粒体介导的凋亡信号传递有关。Itani等发现,糖皮质激素作用于软骨细胞会导致细胞内粗面内质网减少,从而抑制了蛋白多糖的合成。因此,目前美国风湿病学会建议,肩、膝和踝3处浅表大关节注射泼尼松龙应小于50mg/次,同时指出关节腔内激素疗法1年内不宜超过3次。
 
对于颞下颌关节的激素封闭治疗目前无明确的规定。也有学者指出,皮质醇激素的软骨细胞毒性可能与激素本身无关,而与添加剂有关。Davis等发现,乙酸倍他米松和磷酸倍他米松钠本身无细胞毒性,而苯扎氯铵作为一种常用的防腐剂,以剂量依赖性的方式导致细胞死亡,且诱导发生细胞死亡的浓度比倍他米松浓度低。苯扎氯铵会破坏分子间的相互作用和细胞膜双层结构,导致细胞内容物泄露及细胞死亡。此外,局麻药也是常用的关节注射药物之一,已有文献指出,关节内注射利多卡因、罗哌卡因和布比卡因等镇痛药物可能会损害关节软骨和关节内其他组织。多项体外研究表明,局麻药物对软骨细胞的毒性存在剂量相关性与时间相关性。
 
Dragoo等认为,局麻药物会影响钾、钙和钠通道,从而导致线粒体功能障碍及随后的细胞坏死或凋亡。需要注意的是,联合应用糖皮质激素和局麻药物会显著增加软骨细胞的死亡。体外研究发现,局麻药和激素联合使用时,软骨细胞死亡数量明显增多。例如:Farkas等发现单独使用利多卡因引起的软骨细胞死亡约占20%,其中大部分为细胞凋亡;单独使用倍他米松引起的软骨细胞死亡约占20%,其中多数为细胞坏死;但联合使用会导致80%以上的软骨细胞死亡,且多数为细胞坏死;而局麻药中罗哌卡因引起软骨细胞死亡率高于利多卡因,达40%;布比卡因的软骨毒性最大,达100%。本病例中倍他米松与利多卡因联合使用,可能是引起严重关节软骨退变的原因。
 
有临床试验对颞下颌关节骨性关节炎患者进行关节腔穿刺加皮质类固醇注射,与单纯进行关节腔穿刺对比,结果表明两组患者的疼痛和关节弹响均有统计学意义的降低,但两组间并无差异。该试验提示我们起到关键作用的可能是关节腔穿刺本身,而非注射的药物。有学者认为透明质酸钠比激素更有效,由于透明质酸钠无明显副作用,因此已替代激素较多地应用于临床。但需要注意的是,关节腔的反复穿刺会引起关节内粘连。
 
综上,短期关节腔内注射激素能够明显地缓解症状、减少渗出,而长期、多次的关节腔注射激素,会引起软骨退变,需谨慎应用。在联合使用局麻药物时更应慎重,如非必要可用透明质酸或生理盐水代替进行关节腔冲洗。
 
原始出处:

张露珠,何冬梅,杨驰.关节腔内反复激素注射诱发颞下颌关节骨关节炎1例报告及文献复习[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2019(02):125-128.

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    2020-05-26 xlysu
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037629, encodeId=d255203e629f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75c1100e6852' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100768, encryptionId=75c1100e6852, topicName=颞下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b78f2500065, createdName=12498761m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 10:39:00 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699811, encodeId=e46a1699811e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd152024130' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20241, encryptionId=dd152024130, topicName=下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4f29973299, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Tue May 26 18:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633124, encodeId=c31c1633124cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c8a6100e6793' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100767, encryptionId=c8a6100e6793, topicName=颞下)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dbe822016862, createdName=fengyi819, createdTime=Sun Nov 01 09:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2026663, encodeId=18902026663fa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0b110159578' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101595, encryptionId=e0b110159578, topicName=骨关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1266108, encodeId=354d1266108b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Fri Feb 14 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1613809, encodeId=3193161380951, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1ef6668381c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#激素注射#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66838, encryptionId=1ef6668381c, topicName=激素注射)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=df0e19436042, createdName=肉我只吃一口, createdTime=Fri Feb 14 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-01 fengyi819
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037629, encodeId=d255203e629f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75c1100e6852' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100768, encryptionId=75c1100e6852, topicName=颞下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b78f2500065, createdName=12498761m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 10:39:00 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699811, encodeId=e46a1699811e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd152024130' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20241, encryptionId=dd152024130, topicName=下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4f29973299, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Tue May 26 18:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633124, encodeId=c31c1633124cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c8a6100e6793' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100767, encryptionId=c8a6100e6793, topicName=颞下)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dbe822016862, createdName=fengyi819, createdTime=Sun Nov 01 09:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2026663, encodeId=18902026663fa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0b110159578' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101595, encryptionId=e0b110159578, topicName=骨关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1266108, encodeId=354d1266108b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Fri Feb 14 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1613809, encodeId=3193161380951, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1ef6668381c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#激素注射#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66838, encryptionId=1ef6668381c, topicName=激素注射)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=df0e19436042, createdName=肉我只吃一口, createdTime=Fri Feb 14 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-05 lisa438
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037629, encodeId=d255203e629f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75c1100e6852' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100768, encryptionId=75c1100e6852, topicName=颞下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b78f2500065, createdName=12498761m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 10:39:00 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699811, encodeId=e46a1699811e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd152024130' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20241, encryptionId=dd152024130, topicName=下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4f29973299, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Tue May 26 18:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633124, encodeId=c31c1633124cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c8a6100e6793' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100767, encryptionId=c8a6100e6793, topicName=颞下)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dbe822016862, createdName=fengyi819, createdTime=Sun Nov 01 09:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2026663, encodeId=18902026663fa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0b110159578' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101595, encryptionId=e0b110159578, topicName=骨关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1266108, encodeId=354d1266108b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Fri Feb 14 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1613809, encodeId=3193161380951, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1ef6668381c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#激素注射#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66838, encryptionId=1ef6668381c, topicName=激素注射)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=df0e19436042, createdName=肉我只吃一口, createdTime=Fri Feb 14 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-02-14 lmm397
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037629, encodeId=d255203e629f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=75c1100e6852' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100768, encryptionId=75c1100e6852, topicName=颞下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b78f2500065, createdName=12498761m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 10:39:00 CST 2021, time=2021-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699811, encodeId=e46a1699811e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd152024130' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20241, encryptionId=dd152024130, topicName=下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4f29973299, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Tue May 26 18:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633124, encodeId=c31c1633124cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c8a6100e6793' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颞下#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100767, encryptionId=c8a6100e6793, topicName=颞下)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dbe822016862, createdName=fengyi819, createdTime=Sun Nov 01 09:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2026663, encodeId=18902026663fa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0b110159578' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101595, encryptionId=e0b110159578, topicName=骨关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1266108, encodeId=354d1266108b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Fri Feb 14 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1613809, encodeId=3193161380951, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1ef6668381c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#激素注射#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66838, encryptionId=1ef6668381c, topicName=激素注射)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=df0e19436042, createdName=肉我只吃一口, createdTime=Fri Feb 14 00:39:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]

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