颈椎内镜治疗颈椎黄韧带钙化并颈椎管狭窄症1例

2018-06-04 李莹 张同会 吴从俊 中国中医骨伤科杂志

患者,男,71岁,因“四肢麻木伴行走不稳2年,并进行性加重2月”入院。

【一般资料】

患者,男,71岁,

【主诉】

因“四肢麻木伴行走不稳2年,并进行性加重2月”入院。

【体格检查】

颈项部压痛(+),双侧hoffmann征(+),双上肢前臂桡侧感觉减退,剑突以下感觉减退,以右侧较重,双侧肱二、肱三头肌腱反射减退,右侧肱二头肌肌力4级,双手握力减退,余上肢感觉肌力可,右下肢肌力稍减退,JOA评分9分。

【辅助检查】

颈椎X线片显示颈椎退变,稳定性可。CT显示颈椎C5~6和C6~7节段黄韧带钙化,C5~6椎管狭窄(图1G,H)。颈椎MRI显示C5~6和C6~7节段脊髓背侧受压,并椎管狭窄(图1I)。

【初步诊断

颈椎管狭窄症(C5~6黄韧带钙化)。

【治疗】

患者近两月来四肢麻木伴行走不稳进行性加重,保守治疗无效,存在高血压糖尿病等基础性疾病,不愿行开放手术。仔细阅读患者影像学资料及体格检查,考虑患者症状主要由C5~6节段黄韧带钙化压迫脊髓所致。在本科以往开展颈椎内镜手术经验的基础上,行颈椎内镜下C5~6椎管狭窄后路黄韧带钙化摘除、椎管扩大减压术。手术过程:将患者俯卧位,头架固定,颈部轻度屈曲头高脚低位(图1A),术中透视定位C5~6水平棘突右侧,旁开2Cm,局麻下穿刺,建立工作通道(图1B,C),以镜下高速磨钻沿C5椎板下缘及C6椎板上缘磨除外层骨板,再以镜下枪钳咬除内层骨板,见钙化的黄韧带逐渐漂浮,将其与粘连的硬膜囊仔细分离,缓慢咬除钙化的黄韧带(图1D),见硬膜囊逐渐显露(图1E),充分减压,拔出内镜,缝合切口(图1F)。术后1周复查CT和MRI提示:C5~6节段黄韧带钙化已去除,脊髓压迫明显减轻(图1J,K,L)。术后病检结果提示为钙化及坏死的黄韧带组织。术后3个月电话随访患者,诉四肢麻木明显缓解,行走正常;JOA评分14分,术后改善率为62.5%,疗效显著。

【讨论】

颈椎黄韧带钙化是指颈椎部位黄韧带发生的钙化沉积,属于二羟焦磷酸钙(CPPD)晶体沉积症的一种,又叫软骨钙质沉着病,是一种由关节或其他特殊部位沉积的二羟焦磷酸钙晶体所引起的炎症性关节病。颈椎黄韧带钙化被认为是引起颈椎退变、引发脊髓和神经根压迫的原因之一。对于颈椎黄韧带钙化并椎管狭窄的病人,刘健等主张只要体征与影像学表现相一致,应早期手术并尽可能去除骨化物。传统手术单节段黄韧带钙化主要采用椎板开窗减压成形术,对于范围比较广的多节段黄韧带钙化,主要行颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大减压术,但传统手术创伤大、出血多、费用高,对脊柱稳定性影响大,让部分病人望而却步。近年来也有报道在MED下单侧入路双侧减压治疗颈椎黄韧带钙化,收到了满意的疗效。随着微创理念和内窥镜技术的发展,颈椎内镜手术逐渐应用于临床。Ruetten等对颈椎后路内镜治疗颈椎间盘突出的患者随访2年,认为该手术有利于神经功能再恢复,创伤小,而且复发率较低、安全性较高。本院在以往开展颈椎内镜治疗颈椎间盘突出的经验基础上,运用颈椎内镜配合镜下高速磨钻治疗颈椎黄韧带钙化,术中首先磨出钙化周围的骨组织,利于钙化组织的分离,再缓慢钳除钙化组织,较传统手术视野清楚,利于精细操作,且损伤小,对脊柱稳定性及椎管内结构影响小,术后恢复快。但应该清楚认识到,该术式要求术者具备丰富的颈椎开放手术经验和颈椎内镜操作技巧,术中应有神经电生理监测,熟悉正常的解剖结构,避免过多地磨除关节突、影响颈椎稳定性。本例患者术后肱二头肌肌力及双手握力较术前增强,四肢麻木好转,自诉术前症状没有进一步加重,短期疗效满意,有待进一步随访观察。

原始出处:

李莹, 张同会, 吴从俊,等. 颈椎内镜治疗颈椎黄韧带钙化并颈椎管狭窄症1例[J]. 中国中医骨伤科杂志, 2018(5).

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    2019-01-02 drwjr
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    2018-06-06 docwu2019
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