Science热议:颠覆癌症治疗后 免疫疗法还能攻克阿尔茨海默症?

2019-04-16 曼话 医药魔方Pro A

阿尔茨海默症(AD)、帕金森病(PD)和朊病毒病(如克雅氏病)攻击中枢神经系统(CNS)的不同部位,引起不同的症状,但具有许多共同的生化和神经病理学特征,包括受影响的大脑区域蛋白质异常聚集,以及大脑中对免疫反应至关重要的非神经元细胞的进行性激活。在这些疾病中,CNS中免疫细胞的激活(导致神经炎症)非常显着。不过,调节大脑或外围的免疫系统能否减轻神经退行性病变目前还不清楚。4月12日,瑞士苏黎世

阿尔茨海默症(AD)、帕金森病(PD)和朊病毒病(如克雅氏病)攻击中枢神经系统(CNS)的不同部位,引起不同的症状,但具有许多共同的生化和神经病理学特征,包括受影响的大脑区域蛋白质异常聚集,以及大脑中对免疫反应至关重要的非神经元细胞的进行性激活。在这些疾病中,CNS中免疫细胞的激活(导致神经炎症)非常显着。不过,调节大脑或外围的免疫系统能否减轻神经退行性病变目前还不清楚。

4月12日,瑞士苏黎世大学的两位科学家在Science杂志上发表了题为“Immunotherapy for neurodegeneration?”的观点文章,就神经退行性疾病,尤其是AD的免疫治疗进行了讨论。

文章指出,已经成功治疗某些癌症的免疫疗法还没有逆转任何患者的神经退行性病变。因此,免疫治疗在神经退行性疾病治疗领域的前景仍存在争议。

免疫检查点抑制剂治疗AD如何?

以免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的免疫疗法能够增强系统的适应性免疫反应。2016年和2017年各有1篇论文表明,这类颠覆癌症治疗的疗法可能具有对抗神经退行性疾病(尤其是AD)的潜能。但2018年的发表的1项研究未能观察到免疫检查点抑制剂在AD小鼠中产生任何有益的影响。这些结论大不相同的研究让调节适应性免疫的免疫疗法能否有效治疗神经退行性疾病这一问题的结论扑朔迷离。

免疫检查点抑制主要是通过系统阻断T细胞激活负调节因子(如PD-1、CTLA-4、LAG-3)的活性来实现的。这些分子的表达建立了一种免疫抑制的状态,使得免疫系统无法清除肿瘤细胞。那么,在神经退行性疾病中,系统的免疫抑制是否是导致大脑中病理蛋白聚集物清除效率低的原因呢?

Kuti Baruch等在一篇Nature Medicine 论文中证实,在2个AD转基因小鼠模型中,PD-1抗体治疗增强了外围骨髓细胞向CNS浸润,并降低了海马和皮层β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)斑块的数量。然而,Martine Latta‐Mahieu等发表在GLIA上的1篇论文并没有观察到PD-1抗体在其它3个AD小鼠模型中对骨髓细胞向大脑中浸润以及海马和皮层中Aβ的载荷有影响。

不过,需要指出的是,大脑Aβ载荷并不总是与认知能力有关,认知能力下降的主要决定因素是突触的损失。Kuti Baruch等人的研究显示,在某些接受PD-1抗体治疗的AD小鼠模型中,Aβ斑块的清除也伴随着认知功能的恢复;但PD-1抗体治疗对突触动力学的影响没有被研究。而在Martine Latta‐Mahieu等人的研究中,抗PD-1治疗对认知功能的影响并未被评估。

还有一点需要明确的是,免疫检查点阻断对认知的影响还可能与斑块清除无关。包括细胞因子、补体和组织相容性蛋白在内的大量免疫调节因子在突触的形成、细化、兴奋性以及可塑性方面中发挥着重要作用。PD-1抗体治疗可能可诱导这些免疫调节因子的表达以及促使它们进入CNS。

免疫检查点阻断对神经退行性疾病是否仍有治疗价值?目前,尽管关于免疫疗法如何影响人类大脑的数据很少,但有限的临床报告传递地都是消极的结果。与AD小鼠模型相比,接受抗癌治疗(包括免疫疗法)的患者中,认知能力恶化时常发生。即便在临床前动物肿瘤模型中,CTLA-4抗体联合放疗在降低肿瘤生长的同时也导致了认知功能受损。

因此,目前的证据并不鼓励直接在患者中检测免疫检查点阻断对神经退行性疾病的影响,但随着越来越多的癌症患者采用免疫检查点抑制剂进行治疗,这使统计调查这类免疫疗法对人类大脑功能的影响成为可能。此外,随着一些接受免疫检查点阻断治疗的患者可能会随年龄的增长发展成神经退行性疾病。分析这些患者的疾病进展,包括对尸检大脑的神经病理学评估,可能会为一些悬而未决的关键问题提供急需的答案。

靶向先天免疫更有希望?

相比通过系统的免疫检查点阻断靶向大脑的适应性免疫,靶向大脑中的先天免疫可能更有希望。人类遗传学和实验模型研究均显示,大脑中的先天免疫在神经退行性疾病的发病机制中起着关键作用。因此,靶向先天免疫反应可能依然具有治疗这些毁灭性疾病的巨大潜力。不过,目前来说,科学家们还没有找到清晰的治疗途径以及经过验证的靶点。

尽管如此,AD、PD和肌萎缩侧索硬化症中炎性小体激活这一发现可能会促进该领域的进步。炎症小体是在先天免疫反应以及促炎细胞因子IL-1β分泌中扮演重要角色的大复合物,由一个传感器分子(即受体蛋白,如NLRP3)和一个接头蛋白(adaptor)ASC以及效应蛋白caspase-1组成。

2013年发表在Nature上的1篇论文以及2018年发表在Science Translational Medicine上的1篇论文分别证实,在被AD和PD影响的患者大脑中,炎症小体在反应性小胶质细胞(大脑中的一种免疫细胞)内被激活。在AD小鼠模型中,抑制炎症小体的活性不仅降低了Aβ载荷,还降低了促炎细胞因子的产生以及认知损伤。在PD小鼠模型中,口服NLRP3炎症小体的小分子抑制剂预防了α-突触核蛋白的病理聚积以及神经退行性病变,最终导致了运动机能的改善。

此外,有研究显示,几种芬那酯类(fenamate class)非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)能够有效抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活。用这类药物治疗修复了AD小鼠的认知功能。这些研究为炎症小体抑制剂的临床转化以及利用芬那酯类抗炎药治疗AD和其它神经退行性疾病奠定了坚实的基础。

总结来说,这些不断积累的研究证明,神经炎症是AD的一个驱动因素,并且也可能是其它神经退行性疾病的驱动因素。这些发现的重要意义是,让科学家们不得不重新思考Aβ级联假说。该假说假定,在神经退行性疾病中,病理源于蛋白质异常聚集。几乎所有的AD疗法都旨在抑制蛋白质聚集,但临床试验接二连三失败。结合这些新进展不难得出,蛋白质聚集只是故事的一部分。

至于聚集蛋白的病理积累是如何影响先天免疫(可能还包括适应性免疫)的,或者免疫抑制是如何影响蛋白聚集的,这些问题可能会在未来的研究中得以解决。找到参与两者关联的受体、接头蛋白和效应分子可能代表了迄今为止开发AD等神经退行性疾病疗法的最佳方向。

参考资料:

1.Immunotherapy for neurodegeneration?

2.药理学诱导的转基因消融系统

3.神经毒性反应性星形胶质细胞是由活化的小胶质细胞诱导的

4.Science:抗癌药物可能有益于帕金森病

5.炎性小体

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    2019-04-18 jichang
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    2019-04-16 坚强007

    向科研人员致敬!

    0

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