激荡20年:肺癌靶向治疗研究进展里程碑(下)

2018-02-20 肿瘤资讯编辑部 肿瘤资讯

随着基因组学研究的进展,与肺癌相关的基因突变,从1984年发现KRAS突变后,不断涌现,基于驱动基因的靶向药物问世引领了肺癌治疗史上的重要变革。

随着基因组学研究的进展,与肺癌相关的基因突变,从1984年发现KRAS突变后,不断涌现,基于驱动基因的靶向药物问世引领了肺癌治疗史上的重要变革。然而,已发现的10余种肺癌相关基因突变中,至今可以为临床所用的仅仅只有表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变、间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)融合、ROS1融合和BRAF突变等。昨天为大家梳理了肺癌EGFR突变治疗领域的研究进展,今天继续为大家盘点ALK重排、ROS重排、BRAF突变领域的里程碑。

(二)ALK重排

1. 2007年,日本学者Soda等首次在1例吸烟的男性肺腺癌患者标本中发现了EML4-ALK融合基因。研究者在该患者标本中扩增出由EML4与ALK融合的DNA片段。EML4基因断裂后与ALK基因的20号外显子融合,形成EML4-ALK融合基因inv(2)(p21p23)。临床前研究证实具有EML4-ALK融合基因的肿瘤均依赖ALK基因及其下游的RAS-MAPK及PI3K-AKT及JAK-STST通路活化来驱动和维持其生长,ALK抑制剂能显著抑制其生长37。

2. 克唑替尼(crizotinib)是一种小分子ATP竞争性抑制剂,对ALK, c-MET 和ROS1驱动的肿瘤具有选择性抑制作用。克唑替尼的Ⅰ期临床试验PROFILE 1001分两部分。第一部分为剂量爬坡试验,确定了克唑替尼的最大耐受剂量为250mg bid,并且观察到ALK重排患者临床获益明显。试验的第二部分仅纳入ALK FISH阳性的患者。2010年,研究结果发布,该部分可评价疗效的患者共82例,其中ORR为57%,DCR为90%38。2011年8月26日,美国FDA批准了克唑替尼用于ALK FISH阳性的局部晚期或转移性非小细胞肺癌患者。

3. 2012年,研究者更新了PROFILE 1001及其拓展试验的数据,入组149例ALK阳性患者,其中143人可评价疗效,ORR为60.8%(87/143),其中3例完全缓解(CR),84例部分缓解(PR)。中位PFS为9.7m(95%CI 7.7-12.8)。克唑替尼主要的毒副作用是视觉损伤,胃肠道副反应和间质性肺炎39。

4. 2012年,克唑替尼的II期临床研究PROFILE1005结果发布。该研究纳入ALK FISH 阳性,既往化疗失败的非小细胞肺癌患者,主要研究终点为ORR。85%的患者既往接受过多线化疗(≥2种化疗方案)。入组患者可以评价疗效的有261人,其中ORR为60%(95%CI:54-66),中位疗效持续时间为46周,中位PFS为8.1m (95%CI:6.8-9.7) 40。

5. 2013年,克唑替尼的III期临床试验PROFILE1007结果发表。PROFILE1007比较克唑替尼和培美曲塞或多西他赛二线治疗晚期ALK重排NSCLC患者。PROFILE 1007共入组347人,接受克唑替尼和接受化疗患者的ORR分别为65%和20%(P<0.001)。克唑替尼组患者的PFS明显优于化疗组,7.7m vs. 3.0m(HR=0.49, P<0.001)。PROFILE1007的试验结果奠定了克唑替尼用于ALK重排NSCLC患者的二线治疗地位41。

6. 2014年,克唑替尼用于ALK重排NSCLC一线治疗的研究PROFILE1014结果发表。PROFILE1014研究是一线克唑替尼与化疗头对头的比较III期临床研究,入组343例ALK重排NSCLC患者随机接受克唑替尼和培美曲塞顺铂(或卡铂)化疗。克唑替尼组和化疗组的ORR分别为74%和45%(P<0.001),PFS分别为10.9m和7.0m(HR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.35-0.60, P<0.001)。克唑替尼与化疗的一线对比奠定了克唑替尼用于ALK重排NSCLC患者的一线治疗地位42。

7. 2014年,克唑替尼一线治疗ALK阳性NSCLC患者的中位PFS位11个月左右,获得性耐药机制主要为ALK激酶域的二次突变(22-33%);EGFR通路活化(30-35%)和其他未知的机制等23。

8. 2014年,二代ALK抑制剂Ceritinib用于ALK阳性患者的I期临床研究结果发布。入组患者中,80例为克唑替尼耐药患者,接受Ceritinib治疗的ORR为56%,中位PFS位7.0个月。无论患者有无ALK激酶区的二次突变,都能从Ceritinib治疗中获益43。2014年,Ceritinib获得美国FDA批准用于克唑替尼耐药后的ALK阳性NSCLC 。2015年,一项回顾性研究表明,晚期ALK重排非小细胞肺癌患者序贯应用一代和二代ALK抑制剂(Ceritinib),患者的中位OS可达49.4m (95%CI:35.3-63.1)44。

9. 2014年,另一二代ALK抑制剂Alectinib用于克唑替尼耐药的ALK阳性患者的I期临床研究AF-002JG结果发布。在44例可评价疗效的患者中,ORR为55%;在21例基线有脑转移的患者,11例(52%)取得客观缓解45。2016年,Alectinib用于克唑替尼耐药的ALK阳性患者的II期临床研究公布,确认的ORR为48%46。2015年,Alectinib获得美国FDA批准用于克唑替尼耐药后的ALK阳性NSCLC。

10. 2016年,PROFILE 1029试验结果在ASCO发布。这一随机、开放、双臂III期临床研究,旨在评价在东亚人群,克唑替尼一线治疗既往未经过系统性治疗的ALK阳性NSCLC患者的疗效和安全性。PROFILE1029研究设计与PROFILE1014研究相似,但是患者人群不一样。最终入组207例患者,其中中国患者183例。研究达到了主要研究终点,即在东亚人群,与标准含铂双药化疗相比,克唑替尼组患者的无进展生存期(PFS)显著延长(中位PFS 为11.1个月 vs 6.8个月;HR = 0.39;95%CI, 0.28-0.56;P <0.0001),肿瘤缓解率明显提高(88% vs 46%;P <0.0001)47。

11. 2016年ASCO大会,Alectinib对比克唑替尼用于ALK阳性晚期NSCLC的III期临床研究J-ALEX发表。研究入组207例患者。其中Alectinib组103例,Crizotinib组104例,允许患者既往接受过<=1线化疗。独立评估委员会评价的Alectinib组和Crizotinib组的ORR分别为91.6%和78.9%;中位PFS分别为未达到(95%CI:20.3-未达到)和10.2m(95%CI:8.2-12.0)(HR=0.34;99.6826% CI:0.17-0.70)。在预先设定的中期评估中,因为已经看到了Alectinib绝对的优势,独立评审建议提前终止trial并且释放数据。据估计,ALC的PFS可能超过24.3m,研究者认为Alectinib有潜力冲进ALK阳性患者的标准一线治疗48。

12. 2016年WCLC会议,Ceritinib对比含铂双药化疗一线治疗ALK阳性NSCLC的III期研究发布。研究入组376例ALK阳性晚期NSCLC,1:1随机接受Ceritinib(n=189)或培美曲塞铂类化疗(n=187)治疗,两组的中位PFS分别位16.6月和8.1个月(HR=0.55;P<0.0001)。研究结果显示ALK阳性的晚期NSCLC,一线Ceritinib显著优于化疗49。

13. 2017年ASCO大会,Alectinib对比克唑替尼用于ALK阳性晚期NSCLC的全球III期临床研究ALEX发表。与J-ALEX研究相比,ALEX研究在设计上稍有不同,入组的患者均为初治的晚期NSCLC,允许脑转移患者入组,且作为分层因素,并计划分析至CNS进展时间,所有患者均接受Alcetinib 600mg,BID治疗。结果显示,Alcetinib对比克唑替尼,显著延长PFS,独立评估委员会评估的mPFS,两组分别为25.7个月和10.4个月(HR 0.50;95%CI 0.36-0.70;P<0.0001)50。基于ALEX研究结果,Alectinib被推荐作为ALK阳性晚期NSCLC一线治疗的优选。

14. 2017年,三代ALK抑制剂Lorlatinib用于ALK或ROS1阳性的晚期NSCLC的第一项I期临床试验结果公布。结果显示,对既往接受过ALK抑制剂治疗后产生耐药突变的患者(如G1202R),Lorlatinib同样有效。在ALK阳性患者中,Lorlatinib的ORR为46%,颅内为ORR42%,mPFS为9.6个月;在ROS1阳性的患者中,Lorlatinib的ORR为50%。这一研究提示,Lorlatinib用于既往一代或二代ALK抑制剂耐药的患者显示出较好的疗效51。目前,Lorlatinib对比克唑替尼用于ALK阳性晚期NSCLC一线治疗的III期临床试验CROWN正在进行。

(三)ROS1重排

1. ROS1基因可表达一个与ALK相关的罕见酪氨酸激酶 ,属于胰岛素受体家族。与其他的酪氨酸激酶受体类似,ROS1 融合基因也可激活细胞生长和存活的信号传导通路。大约1–2% 的NSCLC中具有ROS1 基因重排52。

2. 2014年,Alice Shaw报道了克唑替尼用于ROS1阳性患者的I期 PROFILE 1001研究。 研究入组了50例ROS重排的晚期NSCLC,接受克唑替尼治疗后,疗效显著,ORR为72%,中位PFS为19.6个月53。2016年3月11日美国FDA扩展了克唑替尼的适应证,批准克唑替尼用于ROS1阳性转移性NSCLC的治疗。

3. 2015年,欧洲的一项回顾性研究分析了31例ROS1阳性的NSCLC患者,接受克唑替尼治疗的ORR为80%,PFS为9.1个月54。

4. 2015年,WCLC会议上报道了法国的一项II期研究队列分析结果,入组37例ROS1阳性的NSCLC患者,接受克唑替尼治疗的ORR为69%,PFS为9.1个月50。

5. 2016年ASCO大会和CSCO大会报道ROS1用于东亚人群的临床研究。这是一项在东亚人群中评估克唑替尼治疗ROS1重排阳性晚期NSCLC患者的单臂的II期研究。研究共入组了127例ROS1阳性的晚期NSCLC(采用RT-PCR法检测ROS1融合),克唑替尼的ORR为88%,中位PFS约为13.4个月51。

6. 2017年,Ceritinib用于ROS1融合的晚期NSCLC的II期临床研究公布。研究入组32例ROS1阳性的患者,其中28例可以评价疗效。在总体人群中,Ceritinib的ORR为62%,mPFS为9.3个月;在既往未接受过克唑替尼治疗的患者中,Ceritinib的ORR为66%,mPFS为19.3个月。这一研究提示,Ceritinib用于既往经过多线治疗的ROS1融合的晚期NSCLC,显示出较好的临床疗效,期待进一步研究55。

(四)BRAF突变

BRAF V600E突变在肺腺癌中的发生率为1-2%。2017年,Dabrafenib 联合Trametinib用于BRAF V600E突变型NSCLC的II期临床研究结果公布。研究入组36例BRAF V600E突变的晚期NSCLC,接受一线Dabrafenib 联合Trametinib治疗,结果显示,研究者确认的ORR为64%,mPFS为10.9个月,mOS为24.6个月56。2017年6月,Dabrafenib 联合Trametinib已经批准用于BRAF V600E突变型晚期NSCLC。

总结
最近十余年来,分子病理学的巨大进步已经使我们对 NSCLC 潜在病理机制及显著异质性的理解有了很大进展。具体到临床实践,对肿瘤组织进行这类驱动突变的分子检测已经成为了常规。目前而言,大部分肿瘤中仍未检测到驱动突变,因此对这类患者仍为细胞毒性化疗经验性治疗。对于具有已知驱动性突变的非小细胞肺癌患者,靶向治疗表现出了显著临床获益,但获得性耐药仍常见。未来,将在克服靶向耐药,优化靶向治疗(如联合免疫治疗等)以及新靶点探寻上继续前行。 

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    学习一下

    0

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    2018-03-24 lofter

    学习了感谢分享

    0

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    2018-08-03 xzw113
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    2018-02-22 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

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    2018-02-20 JerryJiangChina

    赞.有心了

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