儿童关节肿痛出现红斑,须警惕过敏性紫癜

2017-04-05 王维洁/上海市第一妇婴保健院保健部儿科主治医师 澎湃新闻

春天来了!乍暖还寒,万物复苏蠢蠢欲动,绿芽萌发,红花羞涩。宝宝容易过敏的季节,也是容易生病的季节。有一种疾病——过敏性紫癜,父母们了解吗?有啥应对方法?紫癜亦称紫斑,血液溢于皮肤、黏膜之下,出现瘀点瘀斑,压之不退色,是小儿常见的出血性疾病。过敏性紫癜又称亨-舒综合征,是以小血管炎为主要病变的系统性血管炎。主要表现为皮肤紫癜,常伴有关节肿痛、腹痛、便血、血尿和蛋白尿。多发生于2-8岁的儿童,男孩多于

春天来了!乍暖还寒,万物复苏蠢蠢欲动,绿芽萌发,红花羞涩。宝宝容易过敏的季节,也是容易生病的季节。有一种疾病——过敏性紫癜,父母们了解吗?有啥应对方法?

紫癜亦称紫斑,血液溢于皮肤、黏膜之下,出现瘀点瘀斑,压之不退色,是小儿常见的出血性疾病。过敏性紫癜又称亨-舒综合征,是以小血管炎为主要病变的系统性血管炎。主要表现为皮肤紫癜,常伴有关节肿痛、腹痛、便血、血尿和蛋白尿。多发生于2-8岁的儿童,男孩多于女孩,春秋两季发病居多。

过敏性紫癜的发病原因尚未明确,虽然可能和食物(蛋类、乳类、豆类等)、药物、微生物、花粉、昆虫咬伤、疫苗接种、麻醉等所致的过敏有关,但是确切的过敏原因往往难以确定。

本病患儿起病前1-3周往往有上呼吸道感染史,可伴有低热、食欲不振、乏力等全身症状。一般急性起病,各种表现不同组合,出现先后不一。

皮肤紫癜:表现为皮肤瘀点,多出现于下肢关节周围及臀部,紫癜呈对称分布、分批出现、大小不等、颜色深浅不一,可融合成片,一般在数日内逐渐消退,但可反复发作。皮疹初起呈紫色斑丘疹,高于皮面,按压不退色,数日会转为暗红色,最终呈棕褐色而消退。

胃肠道症状:因为血管炎症引起肠壁水肿、出血、坏死,或穿孔,是产生肠道症状和严重并发症的原因。一般表现为阵发性剧烈腹痛,位于脐周和下腹部,可伴有呕吐。部分的患儿可有黑便或血便,偶见并发肠套叠、肠梗阻或肠穿孔。

关节症状:部分患儿可出现膝、踝、肘、腕等大关节肿痛,活动受限。

肾脏症状:表现多发生于起病1个月内,也可以在病程的更晚期,少数可以肾炎为起病表现。多数患儿表现为血尿、蛋白尿,伴有血压增高及水肿。

其他表现:鼻出血、牙龈出血、吐血等,极少数可发生颅内出血、肺出血等。

这么多出血症状家长看着挺吓人的吧!其实过敏性紫癜早诊断、按医嘱用药预后一般良好。家长需要注意日常护理和预防措施,促进孩子的快快康复、防止反复发作。

疾病期家长日常护理:

患儿看见皮肤出血点会心里紧张,家长需要安抚孩子,陪孩子阅读、讲故事等分散孩子注意力。

发病急性期家长应让患儿卧床休息,少活动,因为活动可以加速血液循环,加重出血。

按医嘱饮食,清淡易消化,适当喂水,切忌“大补”饮食加重胃肠负担、加重病情。

疾病恢复期的预防

注意避免儿童与致病原接触,如花粉、化学物品、油漆、汽油、过敏食物及药物等。

过敏体质的儿童不要养宠物,尽量减少与动物皮毛的接触。注意饮食卫生,勤洗手,不吃不洁瓜果及水生植物,以杜绝肠道寄生虫感染的机会。

加强锻炼,增强体质,提高机体对各种感染的抵抗力。

家长在患儿病情未痊愈之前,不要接种各种预防疫苗,必须是痊愈3-6月后,才能进行疫苗接种,否则可能导致此病的复发。

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    2017-04-07 zhouqu_8
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