JNNP:心房颤动患者口服抗凝治疗后缺血性卒中的发病病因、二级预防策略和预后

2022-05-19 网络 网络

直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)或维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)可降低非瓣膜性心房颤动(AF)患者的缺血性卒中风险。然而,尽管在一级和二级预防中每年抗凝治疗的比例分别为0.7%至2.3%,但房颤患者仍有相当大的卒

直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)或维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)可降低非瓣膜性心房颤动(AF)患者的缺血性卒中风险。然而,尽管在一级和二级预防中每年抗凝治疗的比例分别为0.7%至2.3%,但房颤患者仍有相当大的卒中风险。自DOAC引入以来,房颤患者口服抗凝剂预防卒中的总体使用量稳步增加,尤其是在卒中风险最高的房颤患者中。由于这一发展,尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但房颤患者中风的人数预计也会增加。越来越多的证据表明,与中风前未接受抗凝治疗的患者相比,尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但AF和中风患者未来复发的风险更高。

对于中风医生来说,尽管对房颤患者进行了抗凝治疗,但缺血性中风仍然是日常临床实践中的一个挑战,因为其病因尚不清楚。可能是大动脉和小血管疾病等相互竞争的中风机制。尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但很少有关于临床实践的记录存在。因此仍需更好地了解抗凝治疗后中风的病因,以便制定策略,防止中风后尽管抗凝治疗仍复发。到目前为止,有限的数据表明,更换抗凝剂类型没有任何益处。事实上,尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但中风患者的最佳治疗方法仍不清楚,最新的指南对此没有给出建议。

因此,本文试图(i)描述口服抗凝治疗后依然卒中的病因,(ii)在一项大型协作研究中调查随后的预防策略和结果,该研究对11个有经验的卒中中心的AF和卒中患者进行了抗凝治疗。本文发表在《神经病学,神经外科学和精神病学杂志》上()。

分析了11个卒中中心连续接受维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)或直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)治疗但经指数成像证实为缺血性卒中的房颤患者。我们将中风病因学分类为:(i)除房颤相关心脏栓塞外的竞争性中风机制;(ii)抗凝不足(不依从或通过药物特异性分析测得的抗凝活性低);或者,(iii)尽管有足够的抗凝治疗,但仍有房颤相关的心脏栓塞。我们研究了指数卒中后3个月内主要终点(复发性缺血性卒中、颅内出血、死亡)和次要终点(复发性缺血性卒中)的后续预防策略。

                                                                                                               研究流程图

2946名患者中(中位年龄81岁) ;48%为女性;43%的VKA,57%的DOAC),713名患者(24%)的中风病因是竞争机制,934名患者(32%)抗凝不足,1299名患者(44%)尽管抗凝治疗充分,但心脏栓塞。研究发现主要终点(27%的患者;完整性91.6%)和次要终点(4.6%;完整性88.5%)的发生率较高。在指数卒中后,只有DOAC(vs VKA)治疗显示两个终点的几率较低(主要终点:调整后OR(aOR)(95%) CI)0.49(0.32至0.73);次要:0.44(0.24到0.80),但不在不同的DOAC类型之间切换。添加抗血小板药物对两个终点都有较高的几率(主要终点:aOR(95%) CI)1.99(1.25至3.15)。只有少数患者(1%)接受了左心耳阻塞作为额外的预防策略。

指数中风时(中风前)与出院时(中风后)口服抗凝剂治疗的变化

尽管房颤患者进行了抗凝治疗,但抗凝治疗不足仍然是卒中的一个重要病因。之前的报告要么缺乏这方面的信息,要么样本量较小。对抗凝不足的定义不仅包括自我报告的不依从性和不适当的低DOAC剂量,结合之前研究的结果,还包括入院时测量的抗凝活性。尽管抗凝治疗,但相关比例的中风可归因于抗凝治疗不足,这一发现很重要,因为这些中风可能是可以预防的。此类预防策略将包括采取干预措施,提高医生对剂量重要性的认识,以及确定不依从性高风险患者的方法,对药物摄入行为进行更细致的评估和加强依从性的干预措施。

这项对房颤患者进行抗凝治疗后仍发生缺血性卒中的研究表明,卒中的病因是异质性的,不良预后是常见的。虽然卒中后尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但DOAC治疗的预后优于VKA,但添加抗血小板治疗的预后较差;有必要进一步研究更个性化、更新颖的预防策略。

Polymeris AAMeinel TROehler H, et al Aetiology, secondary prevention strategies and outcomes of ischaemic stroke despite oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation

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    2022-05-20 ms9000000080461052

    、丶学了

    0

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    2022-05-19 ms5000000644045955

    不错,学习了。

    0

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    2022-05-17 sodoo

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西南交通大学郭星/周绍兵教授《AFM》:M2巨噬细胞来源的外泌体用于抑制缺血性卒中内中性粒细胞胞外陷阱

西南交通大学郭星教授、周绍兵教授课题组利用M2型巨噬细胞产生的外泌体(M2exo)包载DNase 1,用于递送药物及卒中治疗。

【综述】缺血性卒中侧支血管生成及其治疗性干预的研究进展

作者从细胞信号传导的角度出发,对缺血性卒中侧支血管生成的机制及其新兴的治疗性干预途径进行了综述。