PNAS: 新型视网膜假体可让使用者识别面部信息追寻移动图形

2012-08-16 hehe411 生物谷

最新发表在PNAS上的文章"Retinal prosthetic strategy with the capacity to restore normal vision " 报道了威尔康乃尔医学院科学家们在长时间储存视觉信息方面的最新研究成果。现有的用于盲人导航的假体只能识别光点和光形成的边界。这种新型仪器能够提供常规视觉信息的代码,这种代码很准确,甚至能够让使用者识别面部信息还能够追寻

最新发表在PNAS上的文章"Retinal prosthetic strategy with the capacity to restore normal vision " 报道了威尔康乃尔医学院科学家们在长时间储存视觉信息方面的最新研究成果。现有的用于盲人导航的假体只能识别光点和光形成的边界。这种新型仪器能够提供常规视觉信息的代码,这种代码很准确,甚至能够让使用者识别面部信息还能够追寻移动图形。

Sheila Nirenberg博士是维尔康奈尔的一位计算神经生物学家,他希望有一天盲人能够戴着类似电视剧星际迷航里的面罩。这种面罩的摄像机能够把光传输到电脑芯片,将光的信息转化为神经中枢系统可读的信息,从而产生视觉图像。

Nirenberg博士说:"我们很激动,我们能让盲鼠看到世界,我们将尽快在人上做相同的事情"。这项研究的共同作者Chethan Pandarinath博士曾经是Nirenberg博士的研究生,现在在斯坦福大学做博士后研究工作。

此项新型策略能够让全世界两千五百万由于视网膜病变而失明的人有重见光明的希望。由于药物疗法只能帮助他们当中的很小的一部分人,所以视网膜假体是未来最好的选择。"由于这种假体具有视觉编码信息,所以第一代假体就可能让盲人具有正常或接近正常视觉。"Nirenberg解释道。

代码的发现

当光子落到视网膜表面的光感受器的时候视觉就产生了。视网膜环路接受光感受器的信号并将其转化成神经脉冲。神经脉冲由视网膜传出细胞,神经节细胞,传到大脑。大脑解码神经脉冲,将其转化为有意义的视觉图像。

失明通常是由于视网膜疾病导致光感受器死亡,并使得相关的环路破坏,但是这些疾病中视网膜输出细胞却保留下来。

现有的假体工作机制就是利用存活的细胞。将电极植入盲人眼睛中,电极通过产生电流刺激神经节细胞。但是这种方法只能产生模糊的视觉区域。

很多研究组采用在病人眼中植入更多的刺激器的方法提高分辨率。希望通过更多的刺激器刺激受损组织中的神经节细胞提高图像质量。

另一些研究组另辟蹊径,尝试用光敏感蛋白来刺激神经节细胞。这些蛋白通过基因疗法植入到视网膜里,这样能够一次刺激更多的神经节细胞。

但是Nirenberg博士指出其弊病,"大量刺激神经节细胞是没有意义的,必须以在正常情况下视网膜和大脑通讯的正确的代码来刺激。"

Nirenberg博士解释说,落到视网膜上的各种光的图形都是通过通用代码来实现的,通过这个通用代码将光图形转化为电脉冲。"人们过去找到了简单刺激的的代码,但是我们知道这个代码是可归纳的,所以他通用于各个方面,面部,路标,人看到的各种事物。"Nirenberg说。

视觉=芯片加基因治疗

现阶段,人们出于不同的原因研究代码问题,Nirenberg博士认为她所做的能够直接应用于假体。她和她的学生Pandarinath博士立即着手在这方面。他们在芯片上执行数学方程,并把它和迷你刺激器连接。她称之为"编码器"的芯片将投射到眼睛里的图形转化为电脉冲,迷你刺激器再将电脉冲转化为光脉冲。光脉冲驱动之前转到神经节细胞里的光敏感蛋白,最后神经节细胞把光信息传导到大脑。

整个策略已经在小鼠上测试过。研究者建立两套假体系统,一个具有代码一个没有。"具有代码的仪器具有显著性的作用,"Nirenberg说,"它直接使系统性能越到接近正常的水平,也就是系统输出足够的信息能重建面部,动物图形,基本上任何我们希望的东西"

经过一系列严格的实验,研究者发现盲鼠视网膜产生的图形和正常鼠视网膜产生的图形大致吻合。

"这个系统成功的原因是两步校正,"Nirenberg博士说"编码器能够模拟视网膜转化大量的视觉刺激,包括自然景象,因此产生正常图形的电流脉冲,刺激器(光敏感蛋白)能够将这个脉冲传到大脑。"

"这些结果显示视网膜代码和高分辨率的刺激方式是建立高效率视网膜假体的关键因素,这个因素还具有广阔的发展空间" Nirenberg说。

Nirenberg博士说她的视网膜假体未来将用于临床测试,特别是测试基因治疗(也就是将光敏感蛋白转移到神经节细胞上)的安全性,由于相似的基因治疗载体已经在视网膜其他疾病上有很好的疗效,她相信她的方法是安全的。

"非常的振奋人心,"Nirenberg说,"我已经迫不及待的将这个疗法给病人施用了。"

该研究受到美国国立卫生研究院和康奈尔大学计算生物医药研究院资助。Nirenberg 和Pandarinath博士已经通过康奈尔大学申请了假肢的专利。

编辑自:Team deciphers retina's neural code for brain communication to create novel prosthetic retinal device for blind

DOI:10.1073/pnas.1207035109
PMC:
PMID:

Retinal prosthetic strategy with the capacity to restore normal vision

Sheila Nirenberg and Chethan Pandarinath

Retinal prosthetics offer hope for patients with retinal degenerative diseases. There are 20–25 million people worldwide who are blind or facing blindness due to these diseases, and they have few treatment options. Drug therapies are able to help a small fraction of the population, but for the vast majority, their best hope is through prosthetic devices [reviewed in Chader et al. (2009) Prog Brain Res 175:317–332]. Current prosthetics, however, are still very limited in the vision that they provide: for example, they allow for perception of spots of light and high-contrast edges, but not natural images. Efforts to improve prosthetic capabilities have focused largely on increasing the resolution of the device’s stimulators (either electrodes or optogenetic transducers). Here, we show that a second factor is also critical: driving the stimulators with the retina’s neural code. Using the mouse as a model system, we generated a prosthetic system that incorporates the code. This dramatically increased the system’s capabilities—well beyond what can be achieved just by increasing resolution. Furthermore, the results show, using 9,800 optogenetically stimulated ganglion cell responses, that the combined effect of using the code and high-resolution stimulation is able to bring prosthetic capabilities into the realm of normal image representation.

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    2014-09-08 sweetai

    非常有帮助,谢谢!

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11584, encodeId=d56611584ec, content=非常有帮助,谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2bc892015, createdName=sweetai, createdTime=Mon Sep 08 23:20:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1855318, encodeId=3c15185531859, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 20:39:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269772, encodeId=376f1269e724d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 00:39:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1468280, encodeId=ee7a1468280f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2d3d2e5176a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#假体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27517, encryptionId=2d3d2e5176a, topicName=假体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2b576903125, createdName=lanyan20020088, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 00:39:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-07-31 drwjr
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11584, encodeId=d56611584ec, content=非常有帮助,谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2bc892015, createdName=sweetai, createdTime=Mon Sep 08 23:20:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1855318, encodeId=3c15185531859, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 20:39:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269772, encodeId=376f1269e724d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 00:39:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1468280, encodeId=ee7a1468280f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2d3d2e5176a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#假体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27517, encryptionId=2d3d2e5176a, topicName=假体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2b576903125, createdName=lanyan20020088, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 00:39:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2012-08-18 zutt
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11584, encodeId=d56611584ec, content=非常有帮助,谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2bc892015, createdName=sweetai, createdTime=Mon Sep 08 23:20:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1855318, encodeId=3c15185531859, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 20:39:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269772, encodeId=376f1269e724d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 00:39:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1468280, encodeId=ee7a1468280f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2d3d2e5176a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#假体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27517, encryptionId=2d3d2e5176a, topicName=假体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2b576903125, createdName=lanyan20020088, createdTime=Sat Aug 18 00:39:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]