腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术手术图谱

2017-11-08 周芳坚 韩辉 泌尿生殖系肿瘤外科手术图谱

40岁女性确诊肾上腺原发性醛固酮增多症,术前准备和手术具体步骤,详见以下手术图谱——

40岁女性确诊肾上腺原发性醛固酮增多症,术前准备和手术具体步骤,详见以下手术图谱——

一、病例资料

女性,40岁,头晕、手足麻木6个月,CT检查发现左肾上腺直径1.8cm占位病变(图5-2-1),体检血压185/100mmHg,血钾2.3mmol/ml,术前诊断肾上腺原发性醛固酮增多症。


图5-2-1

二、术前准备

降压补钾对症治疗,请麻醉医师会诊全面评估患者情况。其他准备同经腹肾根治性切除术。

三、手术步骤

(一)麻醉和体位

1.全麻,气管插管。

2.右侧70°~90°卧位,腰部稍垫起(图5-2-2)。常规置入各点Trocar,位置如图5-2-3所示。Trocar位置:△:腹直肌旁脐上2cm交界(腹腔镜);腋前线肋缘下4~5cm(操作件)。○:腋中线肋缘下交界(扇叶拉钩,需要时可选择辅助性第4通道);与两个△成等边三角处(肋缘下操作件)。一般情形3通道即可完成手术,腋中线肋缘下交界通道视具体情形(肥胖患者及肿瘤较大)增加。


图5-2-2


图5-2-3 △,10mm通道;○,5mm通道

(二)手术过程

1.无损伤肠钳或肠钳从降结肠起始部提起结肠,沿其外侧Toldt线向下切开后(侧)腹膜(图5-2-4),此步骤可将肾上极表面之肠管向中线侧分离。

2.切开的侧腹膜上方切开至横结肠外上方显露肾上极,下方切开分离至肾脏中下极水平(图5-2-5)。


图5-2-4 S(脾);C(结肠)


图5-2-5 C(结肠);K(肾)

3.切开Toldt线后,无损伤肠钳向中线侧轻柔牵拉肠壁保持一定张力,沿结肠系膜与肾Gerota筋膜间的平面分离,内侧到腹主动脉外侧(图5-2-6),此平面间隙须仔细进行,可能会有小的系膜或筋膜裂孔,无需特别处理,系膜血管出血仔细止血。该步骤完成后,覆盖于肾脏上半部的表面结肠及其系膜可充分游离至中线水平。


图5-2-6 K(肾);GF(Gerota筋膜);M(结肠系膜)

4.在肾上极仔细辨认,可见覆盖于其表面的胰腺尾部,轻柔提起胰腺表面包膜,分离胰腺腹侧与肾上极间的相对无血管平面(图5-2-7),分离至肾上腺上极,有时可意外分离穿透进入胃网膜囊。此例患者较为消瘦,分离完全后隐约可见肾静脉及内上方的肾上腺(图5-2-8),仔细分离肾门附近的肾静脉,可以显露肾上腺中央静脉(图5-2-9)。如果患者肥胖,需仔细分离寻找肾静脉,作为重要的解剖分离标志。


图5-2-7 P(胰腺);K(肾)


图5-2-8 P(胰腺);LRV(左肾静脉);K(肾)


图5-2-9 P(胰腺);LRV(左肾静脉);K(肾)

5.在腹主动脉左侧,胰腺及肾静脉间的三角形区域内仔细钝性+锐性分离(超声刀、吸引器)可以隐约找到金黄色的肾上腺组织及肿瘤,分离肾上腺与腹主动脉间的平面间隙(图5-2-10)。


图5-2-10 A(肾上腺);P(胰腺);LRV(左肾静脉)

6.在前述步骤中肾上腺内侧方(偏中线侧)有时常与腹膜后神经节组织相互混淆、粘连,不易分离,此时可先行游离肾上腺外侧方与肾上极内侧间的疏松平面(图5-2-11、5-2-12),该过程中用5cm扇形牵开器牵开胰腺尾部有利于显露。


图5-2-11 A(肾上腺);LRV(左肾静脉);K(肾)


图5-2-12 A(肾上腺);LRV(左肾静脉);K(肾)

7.在肾上腺外侧继续向下分离,直至与肾静脉交界处钝性+锐性分离,可游离出肾上腺中央静脉(图5-2-13),紧贴肾上腺侧用Hem-o-lok夹处理后切断。另一种处理中央静脉的方法亦较常采用,如肥胖患者或肾上腺不易辨认造成中央静脉显露不清,可先行解剖肾静脉及卵巢静脉后,清除其表面的筋膜及脂肪组织,可以找寻到从上方汇入肾静脉的左肾上腺中央静脉(图5-2-14),结扎切断后,向上抓起中央静脉(图5-2-15),在中央静脉外后方与肾上极间内侧可以很容易分离出肾上腺及肿瘤组织。


图5-2-13 CVS(肾上腺中央静脉);LRV(左肾静脉)


图5-2-14 CVS(肾上腺中央静脉);VO(卵巢静脉);LRV(左肾静脉)


图5-2-15 CVS(肾上腺中央静脉);LRV(左肾静脉)

8.提起切断的中央静脉及肾上腺组织后,沿腹主动脉外侧与肾上腺间的肾上腺内侧平面分离(图5-2-16),可将肾上腺的内侧、后方向上方分离,直至腰大肌表面。

9.最后用超声刀切断肾上腺上方与腰大肌及膈肌间附着的疏松组织(图5-2-17),肾上腺及肿瘤可完整切除。


图5-2-16 A(肾上腺);K(肾);P(胰腺);LRV(左肾静脉)


图5-2-17 A(肾上腺);K(肾);D(膈肌);LRV(左肾静脉)

10.自制标本袋(医用乳胶手套)将肾上腺标本装袋从10mm Trocar通道中取出。如肿瘤较大,可适当延长切口。创面止血冲洗后放置硅胶引流液。常规缝合切口(图5-2-18)。

11.切除标本可见肿瘤组织及完整肾上腺腺体,肿瘤大小2cm,病理诊断原发性醛固酮增多症(图5-2-19)。

12.术后1天拔管,正常饮食,下床活动,术后2天可出院。


图5-2-18


图5-2-19 A(肾上腺);T(腺瘤)

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    2017-11-10 jennyli5986

    很好的图谱.已分享给同事

    0

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    2017-11-08 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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