遗传大牛George Church新成果,用CRISPR/Cas识别SNPs

2016-07-16 王英 生物通

随着基因组编辑系统的发展,没有什么比CRISPR/Cas更简单的了。然而,在实践中,将该系统限定于预期的位点可能是具有挑战性的,尤其是两个或两个以上的位点只有一个单碱基差异的情况。哈佛大学Wyss生物启发工程研究所的Benjamin Pruitt指出:“Cas9是杂乱的。在许多情况下,它将高效地切割两个等位基因。”这是生物医学中的一个问题,因为研究人员设想修复受损的基因拷贝,而单独留下野生型基因。

随着基因组编辑系统的发展,没有什么比CRISPR/Cas更简单的了。然而,在实践中,将该系统限定于预期的位点可能是具有挑战性的,尤其是两个或两个以上的位点只有一个单碱基差异的情况。哈佛大学Wyss生物启发工程研究所的Benjamin Pruitt指出:“Cas9是杂乱的。在许多情况下,它将高效地切割两个等位基因。”这是生物医学中的一个问题,因为研究人员设想修复受损的基因拷贝,而单独留下野生型基因。

现在,Pruitt与哈佛大学医学院著名遗传学家George Church实验室的临床研究员Alejandro Chavez合作,为这个问题设计了一个潜在的解决方案,发表在生命科学预印本网站BioRxiv上,George Church是本文的共同通讯作者。

Cas9可以承受引导性RNA和靶序列之间的单个不匹配,但它可能无法承受更多。因此,该研究小组设计了一个引导性RNA筛查,使用引导性RNA——每个包含两个相对于野生型序列的突变,可切割赋予耐药性的一个特定突变,但它并非也切割野生型等位基因。一旦靶标突变成了不希望得到的序列,向导将仅通过一个单一不匹配而被关闭,从而使得Cas9切割和抑制不希望得到的副本。

该研究团队首先将该策略应用到β-内酰胺酶基因的一个特定突变,在高度致突变的背景中,这个基因编码氨苄青霉素的耐药性。含有一段对照引导性RNA的细胞,在氨苄青霉素上快速生长,而含有一个双突变体“调整向导RNA”(tgRNA)的细胞则没有。在这些细胞中,不需要的突变的出现,可诱导快速裂解,从而将该基因去除。

研究人员接下来将相同的方法应用链霉素和利福平耐药性的研究,表明该策略不仅适用于靶定大肠杆菌染色体本身,也可能是多路复用的。他们还表明,该策略可以在小鼠胃肠道的复杂环境中发挥作用。

据Chavez说,这种方法——应该转化到更高级的生物中,在基因治疗、合成生物学和进化生物学以及其他领域,都有潜在的应用价值。例如,它可用来确保转基因细菌不会获得特异性的不理想性状,或用来研究有机体在常见逃生通路被切断时的应激反应。只需要一组候选引导性RNAs——在这种情况下是27个。Chavez说:“那不是很贵。这很辛苦,但不是很贵。”


原始出处

Alejandro Chavez,  View ORCID ProfileBenjamin W Pruitt, Marcelle Tuttle, Rebecca S Shapiro, Ryan J Cecchi, Jordan Winston, Brian M Turczyk, Michael Tung, James J Collins, George M Church.Precise Cas9 targeting enables genomic mutation prevention.CSH.2016

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    2017-04-13 wgx306
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    2016-07-30 docwu2019
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    2016-07-18 yuandd
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    2016-07-18 yaanren

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