健康体检不可任性

2015-07-16 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院 张俊祥 MedSci原创

网上流传的《中国式体检震惊美国医生》,看后很有感触。健康体检是为了了解受检者的健康状况、早期发现疾病线索和健康隐患,针对未病、将病或初病的健康或亚健康人群的体检。  随着国人生活水平的提高(不差钱)和健康意识的增强(怕有病),人们对健康体检的需求(更确切地说是热情)越来越大,顺应这一趋势,大量体检中心如雨后春笋般地出现在中华大地。健康体检到底应该怎么做?什么才是有价值的健康体检?

网上流传的《中国式体检震惊美国医生》,看后很有感触。健康体检是为了了解受检者的健康状况、早期发现疾病线索和健康隐患,针对未病、将病或初病的健康或亚健康人群的体检。

 
随着国人生活水平的提高(不差钱)和健康意识的增强(怕有病),人们对健康体检的需求(更确切地说是热情)越来越大,顺应这一趋势,大量体检中心如雨后春笋般地出现在中华大地。健康体检到底应该怎么做?什么才是有价值的健康体检?

有价值的健康体检必须符合以下条件:针对常见病、多发病的检查;查出的疾病或异常是可以干预的(包括预防和治疗);早期干预是可以极大改善预后的;不同的人应该选择不同的体检项目。

但在健康体检实践中,受检者往往会有一些认识上的误区,体检中心也有一些不当的安排,使健康体检背离了其“价值”取向。

一、早期肺癌筛查做什么?

2014年资料显示,不论男性还是女性,肺癌均高居我国恶性肿瘤发病率和死亡率的首位。由于透视检查辐射剂量大,图像分辨率差,容易漏诊且无影像资料保存,已经逐渐在体检中淘汰。数字化胸片是目前最常用的肺部体检项目,但是对于早期肺癌的检出,胸片仍有很大的局限性。如果是参军、出国等体检,数字化胸片可能是合适的,但是对于肺癌高危人群的筛查,只能选用CT,最好是低剂量CT检查,CT可以发现1—2厘米甚至几个毫米的肺结节,而且其影像细节和诊断信息更丰富。近年来许多专家已呼吁停止用胸片进行肺癌筛查。

二、早期乳腺癌筛查怎么做?
 
乳腺癌居我国女性肿瘤的前“二甲”,且发病有年轻化趋势,乳腺癌家族史、月经初潮早、绝经晚、晚婚晚育、肥胖、高脂肪高蛋白饮食、长期使用雌激素等均为乳腺癌高危因素。国际上通行的乳腺癌早诊手段是钼靶X线检查,可以观察到临床触诊摸不到的乳腺癌早期征象。结合B超检查可以进一步保证乳腺癌早诊的准确率,对于35岁以下的年轻女性应首选B超,一来年轻女性乳腺较密实,二来育龄期女性应尽量少接受X线检查。除医学检查手段外,最简单便捷的方法还是乳腺自检,建议所有女性学会乳腺自检,如发现或怀疑有异常,应及时到医院检查。《中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范 (2013 版)》指出,目前的证据不支持近红外线扫描、核素扫描、导管灌洗等检查作为乳腺癌筛查方法。

三、前列腺癌筛查PSA有用吗?
 
PSA是前列腺特异抗原,具有组织特异性,只存在于人前列腺腺泡及导管上皮细胞胞浆中,但是PSA升高并不能与前列腺癌划等号。PSA正常不代表没有问题,PSA异常也不一定就是前列腺癌,前列腺炎、良性前列腺增生、尿道手术后均可导致PSA升高。所以PSA在前列腺癌筛查中的作用尚有争议,美国有专业医学组织即反对例行的PSA筛检。PSA是一项临床辅助诊断,不能以点代面,要由专科医生结合其它检查(如超声、磁共振检查等)进行综合分析判断,必要时应作前列腺病理活检。

四、PET-CT是肿瘤筛检神器吗?

PET-CT是医学影像设备中“高大上”的典型代表,结合了PET和CT二者的优势,可同时观察形态结构和代谢功能,而且可以全身成像,有人称之为肿瘤早诊领域的“福尔摩斯”。但对于PET-CT不可过于迷信,它也只是影像学检查手段的一种,也会出现假阳性和假阴性,如将一些感染性病变误认为肿瘤,或漏诊一些代谢不活跃的肿瘤,如高分化肺癌、肾脏透明细胞癌、前列腺癌、原发性肝细胞肝癌、低度恶性淋巴瘤等。PET-CT存在放射性同位素辐射和X线辐射问题,而且检查价格十分昂贵,并不适合作为常规健康体检使用。

五、骨密度检测方法有哪些?
 
对于各种原因导致的骨质疏松往往需要进行骨密度测定。目前骨密度检测的方法有单光子吸收测定法(以放射性同位素为光源)、定量CT测定法(以CT为测量工具)、超声波测定法、双能X线吸收测定法(以X线为光源)。单光子吸收测定法设备简单,价格低廉,但不能测定髋骨及脊椎骨的骨密度。定量CT检测受试者辐射剂量较大。超声骨密度测量无放射性、简便、安全、廉价,并能在一定程度上反映骨小梁结构,但目前多数只是测量跟骨,远离骨质疏松好发的股骨和脊柱,不能准确反映全身骨量丢失的情况。双能X线吸收测定法可快速测定全身各部位的骨量,精确度高,辐射剂量也很小(远远低于拍摄一张胸片的剂量),是目前诊断骨质疏松的“金标准”。

六、健康体检多多益善吗?

这里说的多,一是指体检项目多,二是指体检频次多。健康体检应针对高危人群筛查其高危项目,所以对于体检项目和体检人群的选择与匹配就非常重要。适合的才是最好的,无端增加体检项目是资源浪费,甚至对受检者有害,如有一单位对其中、高层管理人员每人做一个头颅CT扫描就属于这种情况。关于体检频次,一般1—2年为宜,1年以内多次体检并无必要。如40岁以上女性应该每1—2年做一次乳腺癌筛查。高危人群(有明显的乳腺癌遗传倾向者、有乳腺导管或小叶中重度不典型增生或小叶原位癌患者、有胸部放疗史的患者)筛查年龄应提前,频次可以适当增加。

有些特殊检查也并非每次体检都要同步去做,如大肠镜筛查结直肠癌属于有创性检查,受检者接受度低,可能出现肠穿孔等并发症,50岁以上人群(有家族史的高危人群应提前至40岁)可每 5 年做一次完整的大肠镜检查,其它年份可以只做粪便隐血试验。

需要特别引起注意的是,对75岁以上老年人进行肿瘤(如结直肠癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、前列腺癌)筛查可能并无益处,但目前医学界的意见尚未统一。

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    2021-03-15 1244630am75(暂无昵称)

    有用

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    2015-07-18 marongnuan
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=948224, encodeId=9a7b948224b4, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/04/11/c1b462c4ef2a3899f6d99f5b75458ee6.jpg, createdBy=a3cc2474820, createdName=1244630am75(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Mar 15 00:05:02 CST 2021, time=2021-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1305081, encodeId=ed5013050813d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ba392659e58' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#体检#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26597, encryptionId=ba392659e58, topicName=体检)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b191324, createdName=marongnuan, createdTime=Sat Jul 18 04:23:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1552815, encodeId=5db4155281554, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0be52e73714' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#健康体检#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27737, encryptionId=0be52e73714, topicName=健康体检)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=89dc14300603, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sat Jul 18 04:23:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33001, encodeId=59c1330013e, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJq24S8KnicnAUEiaRzaqs5dFnXy36sdRT01oLMib3Ojktwan5aAACTkpYXGpUQPibPIjqYWmP8QriaQAw/132, createdBy=81c71616628, createdName=Chaddock, createdTime=Fri Jul 17 17:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32957, encodeId=41d93295e13, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150707/IMG559BDBCBCA5618647.jpg, createdBy=494c1631012, createdName=文刀, createdTime=Fri Jul 17 06:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32913, encodeId=1059329133b, content=献给天天想排除自己癌症的人, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=126b110623, createdName=ndd99, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 17:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-17 Chaddock

    有用

    0

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    2015-07-17 文刀

    有用

    0

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    2015-07-16 ndd99

    献给天天想排除自己癌症的人

    0