脑血管生理之全身血管收缩反应

2023-10-09 麻醉MedicalGroup 麻醉MedicalGroup 发表于上海

全身血管收缩反应使脑血流量不受心输出量影响,为保证脑血流量提供了最原始的方法。心输出量下降使交感神经张力增加,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮轴激活,血管加压素活性增加。

全身血管收缩反应使脑血流量不受心输出量影响,为保证脑血流量提供了最原始的方法。心输出量下降使交感神经张力增加,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮轴激活,血管加压素活性增加。这三个轴对全身血管系统的血管收缩反应均大于对脑血管系统的反应。全身血管收缩反应的净效应是以牺牲全身的灌注来维持脑灌注。

因此,在血压正常的休克中,可能会发生肾衰竭和坏死性小肠结肠炎,而无神经损伤。由此可见,当全身血管收缩反应起作用时,大脑为维持脑血流量,其获得的血流量占总心输出量的百分比可按需调整。

在严重的低心输出量休克(如腹泻、出血或心力衰竭)中,脑灌注和全身灌注之间的这种对立关系可能威胁全身灌注。

临床上,全身灌注不足表现为进行性外周(指端缺血)、肠道或肾脏缺血,这种情况在滴定加压治疗维持脑灌注后会加重。

即使在体外循环中,只要灌注压力足够,无论血流速度如何,该机制仍可保持脑血流。

维持全身灌注和脑灌注之间的平衡,是先天性心脏病患儿的管理难点。

众所周知,减轻后负荷是一种重要的治疗方法,可提高分流术后发生充血性心力衰竭和循环分流患者的存活率。

在这种情况下,临床医师必须在降低全身血管阻力与维持足够脑灌注压(cerebral perfusion pressure,CPP)之间取得平衡。即使是有更明确的CPP限制的成人心力衰竭患者,在积极使用血管扩张药治疗时也会出现脑低灌注症状(晕厥、晕厥前状态)。

儿童患者,无论能否表达晕厥前症状,也存在同样的风险。

此外,采用血管扩张法维持婴儿在极低CPP下接受体外循环的策略可改善肾脏和内脏的灌注,提高整体存活率,但会降低脑灌注。

应该指出的是,这一策略对接受心脏手术儿童神经系统损伤高发是否有影响,目前尚不明确(图8-11)。

图片

交感神经系统在妊娠早期发育,副交感神经系统也在同期发育且张力增加。这种较高基线的交感神经张力使早产儿血管系统对全身血管收缩反应的储备较差,从而损害了它维持大脑灌注压的能力。

在基线时,近乎最大的收缩力和心率的加快也限制了早产儿调节心输出量的能力。因此,早产儿缺乏这种脑血流自身平衡调节机制,缺乏维持灌注压的能力,从而使大脑变得更加脆弱。

灌注压无法维持表现为低血压,尤其是在生命的最初儿小时和几天内、当低阻力胎盘循环消失(夹紧脐动脉)时,发育不全的心肌泵所承受的后负荷增加。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2161700, encodeId=ee9f2161e0063, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f4012634656' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#低血压#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=5db910684ef0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心肌泵#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=fc113332621' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#动脉血压#</a> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26346, encryptionId=f4012634656, topicName=低血压), TopicDto(id=106847, encryptionId=5db910684ef0, topicName=心肌泵), TopicDto(id=33326, encryptionId=fc113332621, topicName=动脉血压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=1ff65466529, createdName=litao2022, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 11:47:48 CST 2023, time=2023-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=上海), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2161699, encodeId=d88521616997f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3bb5448299b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#妊娠#</a> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44829, encryptionId=3bb5448299b, topicName=妊娠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=1ff65466529, createdName=litao2022, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 11:47:04 CST 2023, time=2023-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=上海), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2161698, encodeId=0ce0216169846, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3a5010684690' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管收缩反应#</a> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=106846, encryptionId=3a5010684690, topicName=血管收缩反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=1ff65466529, createdName=litao2022, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 11:46:56 CST 2023, time=2023-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=上海), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2161678, encodeId=706e21616e868, content=值得看看的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c52a105407, createdName=check, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 11:10:18 CST 2023, time=2023-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=河南省)]
    2023-10-09 litao2022 来自上海
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    2023-10-09 litao2022 来自上海
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    2023-10-09 check 来自河南省

    值得看看的。

    0