SABCS 2013:转移性乳腺癌靶向治疗新方法

2013-12-27 MedSci MedSci原创

据了解,乳腺癌是由不同的亚型组成。按照基因表达的不同,我们可以将乳腺癌分为激素受体阳性的luminal A型和luminalB型;HER2阳性(包括HER2过表达,表面蛋白增加以及HER2基因扩增);激素受体和HER2都不表达的三阴型。目前,我们可以将乳腺癌分成不同的亚型,并针对每一组开展靶向治疗。最成功的领域已经得到丰富的数据结果,其中包括对激素受体阳性亚型和HER2阳性亚型。我们已经可以观察到

据了解,乳腺癌是由不同的亚型组成。按照基因表达的不同,我们可以将乳腺癌分为激素受体阳性的luminal A型和luminalB型;HER2阳性(包括HER2过表达,表面蛋白增加以及HER2基因扩增);激素受体和HER2都不表达的三阴型。目前,我们可以将乳腺癌分成不同的亚型,并针对每一组开展靶向治疗。最成功的领域已经得到丰富的数据结果,其中包括对激素受体阳性亚型和HER2阳性亚型。

我们已经可以观察到转移性乳腺癌靶向治疗药物的效果,并且在一些亚型中出现了很大的成功。在过去一到两年中,我们已经看到将mTOR抑制剂依维莫司加入到芳香酶抑制剂这类的激素受体拮抗剂当中,能够增加激素受体阳性的转移性乳腺癌患者的无进展生存期和总生存期,这已成为标准的治疗手段。

究其原因,这可能是PI3K/mTOR通路的阻制机制,已经接受激素受体拮抗剂比如芳香酶抑制剂的患者,随时间推移,肿瘤细胞能够利用通路的突破口继续增长,逃避这些药物的抑制作用。同时阻断激素受体通路和逃逸通路(PI3-kinase/ mTOR通路)是改善结果的一种方法,而这显然已经被临床疗效所证实。

在一项针对雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者的随机II期试验中,CDK4/6抑制剂可显著提高经芳香酶抑制剂治疗患者的无进展生存期,这种药物已经进入III期试验以观察结果是否能被证实。如果成功的话,将出现针对转移性雌激素受体阳性患者另一种治疗模式。这样我们不仅可以给一线治疗后进展的患者使用mTOR抑制剂,而且,目前正在进行试验的CDK4/6抑制剂或将用于一线用药。

针对HER2这个靶点我们已经有了一些治疗药物:曲妥珠单抗已经在辅助治疗、新辅助治疗和晚期患者的治疗中获批,并使用了十多年。帕妥珠单抗也已获批,它可以阻断HER2和HER3的二聚化。而且,不久前有一组全新的药物--TDM1,它是一种抗体-药物耦联物(ADC)。它将已有的曲妥珠单抗抗体及一种化疗药物DM1,通过一种链接技术偶联在一起。

通过共价键连接到曲妥珠单抗的是一种有毒性的、不能通过静脉给药的化疗药物。当TDM1与曲妥珠单抗连接后,它将一直保留完整性直到与HER2分子结合,与细胞融合,在细胞内降解,然后释放毒性分子。这基本上等于“智能炸弹”,只在细胞内释放,因此对身体的其他部分几乎没有副作用。事实证明,TDM1是非常有效的治疗,尽管包含化疗药物;虽然具有一定的毒性,但在大多数情况下,它比静脉注射化疗毒性要小的多。

现在,我们现在已经发现这些抗HER2治疗的任意联合;以及拉帕替尼,一个小分子也能影响细胞内HER2信号;无论有没有化疗都能够以各种方式进行组合。并且,我们已经看见HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌患者从预后最差组,通过配合使用抗HER2治疗,变为预后最佳组。

大多数专家认为,抗HER2治疗应该联合其他方式的治疗,无论是化疗还是其他抗HER2分子治疗,从时间来讲,从患者被诊断为转移性乳腺癌起就需要长期治疗,因为HER2通路是如此重要。

编译自:SABCS 2013 New Approaches to Targeted Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer
(Episode 3),PracticeUpdate,Conference Coverage December 04,2013

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