Sci Transl Med:振奋人心!MIT科学家「种植」迷你肝,成功扩大50倍,长成具有主要功能的肝脏

2017-07-30 王鑫英 奇点网

慢性肝炎会带来很高的肝硬化和肝癌风险,可能会引起过早死亡。针对终末期肝病,唯一有效的治疗就是肝移植。然而,2009年资料显示,我国肝受体和肝供体的比例接近100:1[1],即大约100个需要肝移植的患者去争夺1个捐献的肝脏!

7月28日,是第7个世界肝炎日。据世界卫生组织估计,到2030年中国因慢性肝炎导致的死亡将达1千万例左右。

当前,中国有9000万慢性乙肝患者,其中2800万人需要治疗,700万人因严重肝脏疾病和癌症发病风险需要紧急治疗。中国慢性丙肝患者感染者约为1000万人,其中250万人急需治疗。



慢性肝炎会带来很高的肝硬化和肝癌风险,可能会引起过早死亡。针对终末期肝病,唯一有效的治疗就是肝移植。然而,2009年资料显示,我国肝受体和肝供体的比例接近100:1[1],即大约100个需要肝移植的患者去争夺1个捐献的肝脏!

当然,肝供体短缺也是全世界各个国家面临的难题。为此,不少科学家另辟蹊径,积极投入到人造肝研发中。但是,这些人造肝要么因为体积过大,在移植时会产生缺血性损伤;要么仅依赖移植细胞的自我组织能力以形成更大的结构,却忽视了组成肝脏的多种细胞间的相互作用,而这对移植物的扩增及功能有重要影响!

为了克服当前人造肝的不足,来自麻省理工学院、洛克菲勒大学和波士顿大学的研究人员,专门开发了一种新的方法,将三种类型的细胞嵌入可生物降解的组织支架中,形成了直径大约6毫米的人造肝,并形象地称它为“种子”(In Situ Expansion of Engineered Devices,SEED)。当把人造肝“种子”异位移植到肝损伤的小鼠腹腔后,在小鼠受损肝脏释放出的再生信号刺激下,这个微小结构扩大了50倍,并且还能行使正常的肝组织功能!相关的研究成果刊登在近期的《科学转化医学》上[2]。

该研究的通讯作者,麻省理工学院科赫综合癌症研究所教授,Sangeeta Bhatia表示:“器官总是供不应求。我们的目标是,有一天能够利用这项技术,增加器官移植的数量。另外,这些工程化的肝脏也可以帮助数百万患有慢性肝病但不符合肝移植条件的患者!”


Sangeeta Bhatia教授

肝脏,是人体的重要器官,它能行使大约500种功能,这些功能可以分为四大类:蛋白质合成、能量代谢、胆汁生成和药物解毒。

肝脏能够发挥众多的功能,离不开组成肝脏的细胞,最主要的就是肝实质细胞(肝细胞),当然也离不开其它细胞,如内皮细胞、成纤维细胞。

这种新开发的可植入式人造肝“种子”,建立在Bhatia教授实验室以前的工作之上。

2011年,Bhatia教授带领团队开发了一种工程化的组织支架,其大小和形状跟隐形眼镜差不多。他们将人的原代肝细胞用这个工程化支架包裹,将其植入到健康小鼠腹部。植入的肝细胞与小鼠的循环系统整合,接收小鼠的血液供应,并能发挥肝脏药物解毒的功能[3]。这是在小鼠中重建人类肝脏组织的重要一步。


2011年,Bhatia团队构建的人造肝示意图

然而,这个移植物中包含的肝细胞实在是太少了,还不到100万。要知道,一个健康人肝脏中有1000多亿个肝细胞。这样算起来,重建的人工肝还不足健康肝脏肝细胞的10万分之一。Bhatia教授认为,要想帮助大多数患者,至少得有10%--30%的健康人肝细胞才行。

那么怎样才能达到这个要求呢?此时,肝脏的一个重要特征让研究人员找到了突破口——肝脏的再生!研究表明,即便切除了肝脏的70%,只要保证剩余肝脏的血管系统是完整的,那么肝脏都是可以再生的[4]。

2013年,Christopher Chen,现为波士顿大学教授,带领团队发现,肝脏再生,少不了肝细胞与基质细胞(如成纤维细胞)之间的信号交流,并且内皮细胞对肝脏再生也有促进作用 [5]。

另外, Chen教授带领的团队还发现肝细胞与基质细胞紧密接触、内皮细胞靠近但不与肝细胞直接接触,都会让工程化肝脏表现出最佳的功能[6]。

于是,Bhatia教授带领团队找到Chen教授合作,构建了人造肝“种子”。为了验证这个人工肝“种子”的功能,他们又同克菲勒大学的Charles Rice教授合作,利用Rice教授团队研发的遗传性肝病小鼠模型[7]进行了测试。

具体是怎么做的呢?首先是将人肝细胞和人成纤维细胞,在微孔中培养过夜,形成规定尺寸的聚集体[6]。同时,将内皮细胞与胶原蛋白混合,注入槽状结构的有机硅材料中,再将内皮细胞转移至纤维蛋白的包膜中,这样,就形成了有通道的束状结构[5]


内皮细胞形成束状结构示意图

然后,再将人肝细胞和人成纤维细胞形成的聚集体注入到通道中,这样就形成了具有特殊构造的肝组织。最后,再用直径为6毫米的活检穿孔器切割,形成人造肝“种子”,迅速将其异位移植到肝损伤的小鼠腹部。

一旦将其植入小鼠体内,人造肝“种子”将会接收到小鼠受损肝脏发出的再生信号,并在这几种细胞间的相互作用下发生扩增。移植后的80天,研究人员将小鼠处死,取出人造肝,并对人工造肝的大小、肝脏合成蛋白及药物解毒的功能进行了分析。


本研究人造肝“种子”制作示意图

他们发现,取出的人造肝,相比于原始的“种子”,扩增了50倍!并且还能产生大量与肝功能相关的蛋白质,如白蛋白、转铁蛋白、α抗胰蛋白酶和纤连蛋白。另外,与肝脏药物解毒相关的基因表达也上调了。

最后,他们还对人造肝的形态学进行了分析,发现在人造肝的内部,长出了血管结构。更有意思的是,研究人员还找到了微小的胆管前体!这可不是他们有意而为之的。

虽然,研究人员还不能解释为什么会出现胆管前体,但是这却给他们带来了惊喜,也是他们下一步研究的重点,希望能找到具体的原因,并使其更快、更有序的发生,以及检测这些胆管是否具有功能。

另外,由于他们现在使用的肝细胞,来源于因冷藏太久而不适合移植的人类肝脏,研究人员也在探索这些植入物的最佳细胞来源。包括从患者自身肝脏提取细胞,最终再次植入患者体内,这将避免强烈的排斥反应;或者诱导多能干细胞产生的肝细胞。

尽管并没有参与研究,来自Salk研究所分子生物学教授,Inder Verma对此给予高度评价:“这项工作非常有创意!使用原代肝细胞、内皮细胞和基质细胞,就能最终完成 50 倍的扩增,真是太令人印象深刻了!同样也为其他的类器官培养提供了思路!”

我们期待,Bhatia教授的后续研究。或许真的有一天,有个慢性肝病的患者跑到医生面前说“医生,我肝儿疼!有没有啥好法子能解决这个问题?”医生说:“有啊,稍等几天,给你准备个肝种子,造个新肝脏出来就妥了!”

原始出处:

[1] 陈规划. 中国大陆肝移植:过去、现在和将来[J]. 器官移植, 2010, 01(1):5-6.

[2]Stevens K R, Scull M A, Ramanan V, et al. In situ expansion of engineered human liver tissue in a mouse model of chronic liver disease[J]. Science Translational Medicine, 2017, 9(399): eaah5505.

[3] Chen A A, Thomas D K, Ong L L, et al. Humanized mice with ectopic artificial liver tissues[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(29): 11842-11847.

[4] Greene A K, Wiener S, Puder M, et al. Endothelial-directed hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy[J]. Annals of surgery, 2003, 237(4): 530.

[5] Baranski J D, Chaturvedi R R, Stevens K R, et al. Geometric control of vascular networks to enhance engineered tissue integration and function[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(19): 7586-7591.

[6] Stevens K R, Ungrin M D, Schwartz R E, et al. InVERT molding for scalable control of tissue microarchitecture[J]. Nature communications, 2013, 4: 1847.

[7] De Jong Y P, Dorner M, Mommersteeg M C, et al. Broadly neutralizing antibodies abrogate established hepatitis C virus infection[J]. Science translational medicine, 2014, 6(254): 254ra129-254ra129.

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    2018-03-06 bsmagic9140
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    2018-06-30 gracezdd
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    2018-03-25 huangdf
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    2017-07-30 laoli

    学习了,谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-07-30 1e0e5a1fm42(暂无匿称)

    henhao

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