呼吸科的宠儿“茶碱”,为何指南不推荐使用?

2022-01-12 刘少飞 MedSci原创

经常喝茶的人应该都知道,茶碱是茶叶中的重要功能成分,最早发现在咖啡里,也称咖啡碱。众所周知,茶碱是让人又爱又恨的东西,那是因为茶碱,时而让你思维活跃、嗅觉灵敏,时而又让你辗转反侧、难以入眠;时而让你身

经常喝茶的人应该都知道,茶碱是茶叶中的重要功能成分,最早发现在咖啡里,也称咖啡碱。众所周知,茶碱是让人又爱又恨的东西,那是因为茶碱,时而让你思维活跃、嗅觉灵敏,时而又让你辗转反侧、难以入眠;时而让你身强体壮,时而又让你心跳加速。

 

茶碱是一种化学物质,广泛存在于自然界中的红茶和绿茶中,是一种磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,可广泛用于治疗呼吸系统疾病。它与咖啡因共同存在于茶中,也具有与咖啡因类似的结构和药理学特性,为一腺苷受体拮抗剂,可阻断腺苷受体的作用。 

 

| 什么是茶碱?

 

茶碱和咖啡因都是甲基黄嘌呤,这是一类可以使呼吸放缓或急促的药物。茶碱可以用于患哮喘的儿童和成人,也可用于患慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的成人。

 

这是一种治疗周期短的支气管扩张药。茶碱太少就无法起到疗效,太多又会有毒性。慢性茶碱中毒会增加患癫痫的危险性。急性或慢性中毒都对生命有威胁。

 

 

| 茶碱在哮喘治疗中的临床应用

 

茶碱类药物具有适度的支气管舒张作用,与β受体激动剂或M胆碱能受体阻断类药物联用可增强其效应。此外,茶碱类药物尚能改善膈肌、肋间肌等呼吸机的功能,增加呼吸驱动,防治呼吸肌疲劳,同时又有改善支气管粘液纤毛清除功能,刺激兴奋呼吸中枢以及强心利尿等多方面的功效。所以目前仍是治疗哮喘的十分常用的药物。《中国支气管哮喘防治指南》中一般不推荐茶碱作为哮喘急性发作的一线药物,针对慢性哮喘的控制治疗,缓释茶碱作为控制疾病的推荐用药之一。如果在哮喘急性发作时,可在密切检测茶碱血药浓度下,静脉应用氨茶碱,但应根据血药浓度随时调整剂量,务必保证用药安全。

 

| 应用茶碱类药物,副作用有哪些?

 

应最大程度地发挥其治疗效应而把副作用减少到最低限度,茶碱的治疗量与中毒量很接近,故需要了解茶碱类药物的常见副作用,主要有:1.过敏反应:可表现为皮肤湿疹,荨麻疹或气喘,也有多形红斑样药疹。高度过敏者,常在推注过程中突发躁动不安、意识丧失、口唇紫绀,继而呼吸心跳停止。2.药物中毒:多见于用药过量或误服,早期表现为恶心、呕吐、烦躁不安,无意识动作、口渴、脱水及低热;后期可出现呕血、谵妄、痉挛、昏迷、高热和虚脱,可出现延髓抑制而死亡。3.心脏可发生各种心律失常,特别是多源性房性心动过速可发生在治疗血药浓度范围内。4.胃肠道不良反应有胃食道反流、胃肠道出血、腹泻与溃疡形成。5.神经系统可有失眠、头痛、焦虑、易激动及震颤,亦可表现为癫痫样大发作,儿童尚可引起学习障碍及行为异常。

 

| 茶碱中毒的原因有哪些?

 

剂量难把握,以氨茶碱为例;药理学研究表明,氨茶碱的有效血浆浓度为1毫克~2毫克/100毫升,此时的平喘作用最强,如果超过2毫克/100毫升,就会出现毒性反应;如果超过了2.5毫克/100毫升,即可发生中毒。氨茶碱常用量一次100毫克~200毫克,每日3次。一般开始时宜小剂量试服,无异常反应方可服常用量,切忌盲目加量。采用静脉注射氨茶碱,能尽快地达到平喘效果,但注射速度宜缓慢,稍快则会对心脏有强烈的兴奋作用,会引起头晕、心悸、心律失常、血压骤然降低等。

 

| 使用茶碱类药物,要注意什么?

 

1.正确掌握剂量和注射速度,可检测茶碱浓度; 患者接受茶碱治疗后,为了调整用药剂量必须多次检测茶碱浓度。直到达到治疗剂量。当医生怀疑患者出现中毒症状或者患者未达到预期疗效时,需要检测茶碱浓度。患者出现茶碱毒性反应后需要多次进行茶碱试验。当患者服用茶碱后健康状况出现明显变化,或者当患者刚开始服药或停止服药时间过长以至影响到茶碱代谢时,都需要检测茶碱浓度。

 

2.用药量必须个体化,用药前充分考虑年龄、性别、病理生理及影响茶碱血浆浓度的因素。对60岁以上老年人、小儿、肺心病、肝肾功能不全、低血压及严重缺氧的卧床患者应减量。长期用药者应定时检查心电图。

 

3.注意交叉过敏反应,凡对其他茶碱药物过敏者,氨茶碱应列为禁忌。低血压、休克、急性心肌梗塞者忌用。

 

4.孕妇及哺乳期妇女应慎用以防通过胎盘和乳汁引起胎儿和婴儿中毒。

 

5.下列情况之一者应慎用:酒精中毒、心律失常、严重心脏病、充血性心力衰竭、肝肾疾病、高血压、甲亢、严重低氧血症、活动性消化道溃疡、癫痫病患者。

 

6.与下列药物合用时,可使氨茶碱血药浓度升高,应调整用量,以防中毒。如克林霉素、红霉素、罗红霉素、林可霉素、环丙沙星、依诺沙星、H2—受体拮抗剂、别嘌醇、氟康唑、卡马西平、苯巴比妥、利福平、美西律、普萘洛尔、钙通道阻滞剂、口服避孕药物、咖啡因、己酮可可碱、注射流感疫苗等。

 

| 总结

 

1921年,人们首次发现茶碱有可能作为支气管扩张剂治疗哮喘,但直到20世纪30年代才被普遍使用。现阶段,临床使用茶碱类药物作为一种经典的平喘药物在哮喘和COPD治疗中疗效肯定,但因其代谢的不稳定,很容易引起各类型的不良反应,所以在临床应用中要边检测血清浓度边观察小心使用。

 

参考文献:

  1. 茶碱的作用机制及在哮喘中的应用。中国小儿急救医学, 2006,13(06) : 575-576.
  2. 茶碱在支气管哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病治疗中的作用。中国医学科学院学报,2004, Vol. 26,Issue (3): 319-322.
  3. 中华医学会,中华医学会杂志社,中华医学会全科医学分会, 等.支气管哮喘基层诊疗指南(2018年)[J].中华全科医师杂志,2018,17(10):751-762.
  4. 茶碱类药物在支气管哮喘治疗中的合理应用。中华哮喘杂志,2008,Vol.2.No.3:224-226.

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    2022-07-27 genglihui01

    感谢学习了

    0

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    2022-03-02 邝医生

    学习了,好文章

    0

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    2022-01-14 hbwxf
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    2022-01-14 ms6000001502420026

    挺好的

    0

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    2022-01-13 caim947

    感谢,学习了了

    0

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    2022-01-13 黄林

    学习了,谢谢

    0

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    2022-01-12 317773205

    解了

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1235068, encodeId=6def123506808, content=感谢学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d8f1319483, createdName=genglihui01, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 15:07:52 CST 2022, time=2022-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1198534, encodeId=6068119853499, content=学习了,好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220226/f73f0026212346d08cbefd29e427d3b5/87e7cfec87ac40d8ad99d344d98e9a32.jpg, createdBy=c38c6523737, createdName=邝医生, createdTime=Wed Mar 02 00:15:28 CST 2022, time=2022-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1402433, encodeId=fb02140243306, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=862e8e196a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#茶#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87196, encryptionId=862e8e196a1, topicName=茶)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/eTyQ1TyLVfyaGrflWSd1Jw4u1F68ibicmN32DE38FjEW3zTIKeFeaMUAQsjyqaL4QZ3lRibFIzziacMz9niceznOTTw/132, createdBy=03082405249, createdName=hbwxf, createdTime=Fri Jan 14 08:28:01 CST 2022, time=2022-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1184127, encodeId=9852118412e50, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=61db6465365, createdName=ms6000001502420026, createdTime=Fri Jan 14 07:35:07 CST 2022, time=2022-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1183789, encodeId=a5961183e8900, content=感谢,学习了了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/8C1B97318F1D05714188997DFA81F947/100, createdBy=2d3b2229068, createdName=caim947, createdTime=Thu Jan 13 08:58:44 CST 2022, time=2022-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1183729, encodeId=aa731183e290e, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/yENnIG1y0snfP4n1kl4qt52ePRFNT746jFZpibjhzsFcmkPoaMupoLzibYz1zT6qyzSnzHnuBh7UkWsQvVXZFETA/132, createdBy=552b5308843, createdName=黄林, createdTime=Thu Jan 13 05:12:47 CST 2022, time=2022-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1183702, encodeId=0ddd1183e027a, content=解了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e5353087092, createdName=317773205, createdTime=Wed Jan 12 23:07:02 CST 2022, time=2022-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1183587, encodeId=5f1d118358e07, content=好好学习,天天向上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3e495565045, createdName=王江军, createdTime=Wed Jan 12 18:04:20 CST 2022, time=2022-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-12 王江军

    好好学习,天天向上

    0

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