幼儿胼胝体区动静脉瘘伴巨大静脉瘤1例

2020-01-09 李强 张昌伟 林森 四川医学

患者,女,3岁9月,因“检查发现额部血管畸形3d”入院。患者入院前3d因发热伴抽搐于当地医院就诊,查颅脑MRI发现胼胝体膝部占位,伴流空效应,见图1。患者无头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐等症状。

1.临床资料
 
患者,女,3岁9月,因“检查发现额部血管畸形3d”入院。患者入院前3d因发热伴抽搐于当地医院就诊,查颅脑MRI发现胼胝体膝部占位,伴流空效应,见图1。患者无头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐等症状。


图1 术前MRI显示扩张的颅内血管和静脉瘤。病变位于胼胝体膝部,T1增强后强化明显;T2像可见明显流空
 
入院后体格检查,患者神志清楚,双侧瞳孔等大等圆,直径约3mm,光反射灵敏,颈软,心肺腹未见明显异常,四肢肌力正常,肌张力不高,生理反射存在,病理征阴性。患者经术前准备,全麻下行全脑血管造影,发现胼胝体膝部动静脉瘘伴巨大静脉球形成,横截面最大径约2.7 cm,压迫胼胝体膝部。瘘口位于大脑镰下部,由右侧大脑前动脉直接供血,经下矢状窦引流入直窦,见图2。


图2 术中造影显示右侧大脑前动脉额支供血,经下矢状窦向直窦引流
 
用6F导引导管置入左侧颈内动脉岩骨段,全身肝素化,3D造影选工作路图,明确瘘口后,Syncro微导丝引导下微导管(ExcelsiorSL10)引入瘘口处,释放弹簧圈(GDC3602×4,Martix22×4,强生Cordis2×4×2)栓塞瘘口,术后行双侧颈内动脉造影,确定瘘口栓塞满意,见图3。术后复查头部CT无出血或缺血表现,见图3。患者恢复良好,正常出院。


图3 弹簧圈填塞瘘口,术后右侧颈内动脉正位造影未见明显显影,复查头部CT未见明显出血(静脉瘤内高密度为造影剂滞留)
 
2.讨论
 
颅内动静脉瘘(AVF)是婴幼儿罕见的颅内血管疾病,由一支或多支供血动脉直接与引流静脉短路而形成,动静脉之间不存在异常血管巢(Nidus)。目前确切发病原因尚不清楚。有学者推测,AVF的发生可能与胚胎发育时期脑血管发育失常,或与血管生长因子和细胞因子分泌失衡导致的血管生成过程异常有关。有报道该病可发生于遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症(Rendu-Osler-Weber综合征)以及皮肤脊髓血管瘤(Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber综合征)患者;近期有研究显示,约60.9%的儿童颅内AVF患者存在RasGTP酶激活蛋白1(RASA1)基因突变,提示遗传因素和基因水平的异常可能与AVF发生发展密切相关。
 
颅内AVF常发生于额叶、颞叶,较少发生于顶叶,可由单支或多支动脉供血,最常见的供血动脉为大脑中动脉,其次为大脑后动脉和前动脉;它的静脉引流多为横窦、乙状窦或大脑大静脉。该病临床症状可表现为癫痫、颅内出血、头痛、局灶性神经功能障碍和头围增大等;在婴幼儿,还可表现为高输出性心力衰竭。
 
本例中,患者因发热引起抽搐,就诊发现颅内AVF。婴幼儿癫痫与高热惊厥常难以鉴别,不能排除该例患者的抽搐实为AVF导致的癫痫发作;患者就诊时进行头部磁共振影像学检查发现病变。因此,对于难以仔细询问病史或病史不典型的儿童患者,影像学检查有助于迅速确定病变部位和性质。颅内AVF检查手段包括头部CT、MRI和DSA。AVF在CT表现为扩张的颅内动静脉和静脉瘤,大约50%的患者在静脉瘤壁或球内血栓部可出现蛋壳样钙化。
 
在MRI上,AVF典型表现与CT类似,但T2像异常血管内流空现象显著,静脉瘤常伴明显占位效应,对周围脑组织和正常结构造成挤压。DSA尤其是3D-DSA是诊断颅内血管病变的金标准,它可仔细分辨AVF的影像解剖结构,明确供血动脉和瘘口的数量与位置,对于引流静脉和静脉球内的血流模式也能清晰显示。DSA不仅是诊断AVF的重要手段,也是血管内治疗或外科治疗前评估的重要手段。但在不具备DSA检查的条件下,3D-CTA也可清晰显示AVF的血管解剖结构,为外科手术治疗提供指引。
 
颅内AVF保守治疗预后很差,出血后死亡率可达63%。因此,一旦明确诊断,均应积极予以治疗,治疗目的在于彻底闭塞动静脉瘘口,降低静脉端压力,减少出血风险和占位效应。当瘘口闭塞以后,静脉端压力下降,静脉瘤塌陷占位效应解除,因此仅仅闭塞瘘口即可达到治疗目的,而无需切除扩大的静脉瘤。闭塞瘘口的方式包括开颅手术夹闭和血管内治疗填塞两种。虽然有报道显示开颅手术的瘘口闭塞率较血管内治疗高(分别为96.8%和86.5%),且在儿童患者可常规实施,但患者损伤大、恢复慢;常难以到达大脑深部和重要功能区的瘘口;常因静脉瘤阻挡术野,可能会遗漏多瘘口AVF中的个别瘘口,导致动静脉瘘长期存在,造成静脉瘤血栓形成或钙化,占位效应难以解除;此外,开颅手术中灾难性大出血风险也必须竭力避免。因此,血管内治疗成为儿童颅内AVF的优选治疗手段。
 
本例患者经DSA检查发现由右侧大脑前动脉额支供血,瘘口位于额部纵裂镰下,静脉球的右侧方,虽可考虑开颅夹闭,但患者年龄较小,对失血耐受差,且有可能造成大脑前动脉和胼胝体损伤,故该患者采用血管内闭塞治疗。
 
血管内治疗对颅内AVF具有诸多优势。①微导管能够安全到达深部或功能区病变;②在一次治疗中通过多个动脉入路或静脉入路尽可能闭塞瘘口;③可对复杂或高流量AVF采取分期分次治疗,使患者逐步适应血流动力学改变,降低正常灌注压突破出血的风险。弹簧圈填塞,可在释放前精细调整位置,避免圈体深入静脉端;同时,弹簧圈还可以作为其他填塞材料的支撑,方便NBCA或ONYX胶的使用。
 
由于NBCA凝固时间过快,且流向难以控制,近年来逐渐被ONYX胶取代。ONYX胶凝固速度较慢,无粘滞性,注射速度和方向可控,因此是一种治疗AVF较为理想的栓塞材料。但在高流量AVF中,仍存在填塞材料突破瘘口,进入并阻塞静脉流出道的风险。本例患者,通过序贯释放四枚弹簧圈,逐步、可控地封闭瘘口,术后造显示瘘口和静脉瘤均不再显影,达到比较满意的治疗效果,因此并未采用其他填塞材料。
 
原始出处:

李强,张昌伟,林森,鞠延,谢晓东.幼儿胼胝体区动静脉瘘伴巨大静脉瘤1例[J].四川医学,2019,40(01):103-104.

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    2021-02-26 T2DM终结者

    好文章

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    2020-11-23 fusion
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