Intensive Care:重症患者的维生素治疗:关注维生素B1,维生素C及维生素D

2018-04-14 胡婕 周飞虎 重症医学

译者:自从2017年Paul E. Marik 教授在chest发表脓毒症代谢复苏的研究后(Chest 2017, 151(6):1229-1238),代谢复苏就成为脓毒症治疗的一个较为热门且极富争议性的话题。因此,我们把ICM最新发表的一篇综述翻译呈献给国内的重症人,希望给大家在脓毒症治疗上带来新的思路!


解放军总医院重症医学科 胡婕 周飞虎

译者:自从2017年Paul E. Marik 教授在chest发表脓毒症代谢复苏的研究后(Chest 2017, 151(6):1229-1238),代谢复苏就成为脓毒症治疗的一个较为热门且极富争议性的话题。因此,我们把ICM最新发表的一篇综述翻译呈献给国内的重症人,希望给大家在脓毒症治疗上带来新的思路!

引言

近来,一些小样本的研究将一个古老的观念重新引入重症人的视野,即危重患者补充维生素或称为“代谢复苏”。本文将重点阐述硫胺素(维生素B1)、维生素C和维生素D在重症患者中的作用(见表1)。

硫胺素

功能

硫胺素是硫胺素焦磷酸盐(thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP)的前体,是糖代谢、三羧酸循环、ATP合成、戊糖磷酸途径及NADPH合成等所需的众多脱羧酶的辅酶。

硫胺素和急危重症

硫胺素缺乏除了可导致因丙酮酸进入三羧酸循环障碍引起乳酸酸中毒以外,还可引起其他两种致命性的情况,即心脏Beriberi综合征和Gayet–Wernicke脑病。二十世纪八十年代,人们开始发现硫胺素缺乏与危重患者病死率增加之间的关系。高代谢状态及实施肠外营养但却不补充微量元素是硫胺素缺乏的重要危险因素。约20-70%的感染性休克患者缺乏硫胺素(根据界值的差异)。在炎症状态下检测TPP的检测问题使得硫胺素缺乏的诊断更为复杂。高效液相色谱分析(HPLC)检测全血的方法是目前认可的最为可靠方法。

剂量和应用前景

预防性应用维生素B1仍然存在争议。一个随机试验对择期心脏手术的患者预防性使用单次剂量300mg的硫胺素,但与安慰剂组相比并不能降低术后乳酸水平。然而在脓毒症患者中补充硫胺素的代谢效应则得到证实。一个随机试验纳入88名感染性休克患者。实验组患者连续7d每天2次给与200mg硫胺素,可显著降低乳酸水平。此外,硫胺素组患者与安慰剂组相比生存时间明显延长 (P = 0.047),死亡率亦明显降低 (13 vs. 46%) 。事后分析显示硫胺素组肌酐水平及血液净化的应用明显低于安慰剂组。在一个极富争议的前后对照研究中,联合补充硫胺素、氢化可的松和维生素C可显著改善器官功能障碍,但上述结论仍需要进一步研究证实。就目前的证据而言,补充硫胺素安全且花费较少。因此在ICU患者中,最初的48h内在存在硫胺素缺乏风险的患者中补充300mg qd及在其他患者中补充硫胺素100mg是可行的。 

维生素C

维生素C(抗坏血酸盐)具有多种功能。在急危重症患者中维生素C缺乏极为常见,但并没有得到重视。这是因为缺乏症状往往被危重疾病本身所掩盖,且血清浓度快速检测的方法尚不成熟。急性维生素C缺乏可导致低血压、炎症反应、毛细血管渗漏、微循环障碍、氧化应激损伤及免疫功能受损和伤口愈合延迟。

功能

维生素C是一个电子供给体,决定了其具有众多功能。维生素C是神经递质(去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺)、皮质醇、肽类激素(血管加压素)和胶原合成的底物。维生素C是水溶性抗氧化剂,可直接清除氧自由基,协同其他抗氧化剂且保护内皮细胞功能,促进胶原合成,维持内皮舒张及屏障功能。维生素可抑制炎症反应、减轻缺血再灌注损伤,改善个体免疫抗感染免疫,促进伤口愈合,改善患者情绪,减轻疼痛。

维生素C和急危重症

危重疾病可导致维生素C需求突然增加。激活的中性粒细胞可积累维生素C,同时肾上腺可分泌之前积累的维生素C以促进皮质醇的合成。维生素C可在细胞降解时丢失。不仅如此,尽管部分抗氧化的维生素C可循环利用,但仍有部分因为循环机制破坏而丢失。此外,去甲肾上腺素、肽类激素和皮质醇合成也会消耗维生素C。

剂量和应用前景

维生素C的最佳血清浓度目前并不清楚。研究发现每天补充0.5-3g维生素C可改善器官功能。一些初期的临床研究显示在严重脓毒症患者中短期补充维生素C(50-200mg/kg/d或6g/d,单独或联合氢化可的松及维生素B1)可降低血管活性药物的使用剂量,促进患者恢复,但是否可降低病死率尚需要进一步验证。大剂量维生素C应用经临床证实也是安全的。病理生理研究提示维生素C补充仅限于疾病早期,这是因为后期细胞信号转导需要氧自由基的辅助。


在充足的紫外线的照射下,人体可自己合成维生素D。在诸多细胞核器官中,维生素D一种存在特异性核受体(维生素D受体)的皮质激素合成的前体。

功能

维生素D可通过多种途径、细胞特异性基因组和非基因组通路在肌肉、肺、心脏、免疫系统和肾脏中发挥作用。维生素C检测较维生素D和维生素B1快速、容易且更为可靠。

维生素D和急危重症

根据定义和人群,维生素D缺乏(血清25(OH)D≤20 ng/ml)约占ICU患者30-60%。从2009年开始,众多观察性研究显示维生素D缺乏与ICU患者病死率直接相关。前期研究结果显示,在氧化还原反应和免疫调节中发挥重要作用的谷胱甘肽和谷氨酸盐代谢通路受维生素D水平影响较大。

众多meta分析显示,迄今为止全世界仅有不到700名患者在寥寥数个随机对照临床干预性研究中接受维生素D补充。VITdAL-ICU研究(n=475)并未发现实验组较对照组在住院时间上有显著差异。然而,在维生素D缺乏患者亚组中,补充维生素D可显著降低死亡率。最近的一项meta分析指出,在ICU患者中补充维生素D可能降低死亡率。

剂量和应用前景

危重患者维生素D最佳浓度尚未可知,但每天补充10,000IU以下是安全的。标准剂量是600-800IU,但并不能满足急危重症的需要。目前正在进行的临床研究VIO- LET study (NCT03096314) 和VITDALIZE study (NCT03188796) 拟纳入大于5000名患者,旨在回答一个十分重要的问题,即提前或及时补充维生素D是否可改善危重患者的预后? 

结论及前景展望

维生素C,维生素D及硫胺素是急危重症患者治疗中具有广泛的前景。我们推荐早期补充补充以避免/治疗缺乏 (表1)。由于患者对上述微量元素的需求增加,补充剂量需往往需要超过日常需要量,但药物具体剂量仍需进一步研究。

补充上述维生素时需考虑下列问题:

(1)危重患者对维生素C、维生素D及硫胺素的需求远大于健康人。

(2)补充上述维生素在缺乏的患者中可能效果更好。

(3)硫胺素和维生素C缺乏的诊断因为检测手段的问题可能延迟,且可能受到采样的影响而不准确。

(4)基因组学和代谢组学可能有助于理解危重患者微量元素缺乏疾病。

(5)补充的最佳时机是在高风险人群发生过激的氧化应激时。

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    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-16 马龙
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038882, encodeId=07b6203888274, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b45d1e274e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TENS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17274, encryptionId=b45d1e274e8, topicName=TENS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jan 31 06:28:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=306452, encodeId=793a30645271, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=40ad2312069, createdName=1222becem95暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Apr 16 23:54:36 CST 2018, time=2018-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1284037, encodeId=8df7128403ea8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdb79594643' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重症患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95946, encryptionId=cdb79594643, topicName=重症患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6c3a189, createdName=longqijun248, createdTime=Mon Apr 16 02:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1508534, encodeId=7deb15085341c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=68b0e9055f7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#维生素B#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79055, encryptionId=68b0e9055f7, topicName=维生素B)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=17599981768, createdName=马龙, createdTime=Mon Apr 16 02:28:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=305919, encodeId=449d305919a2, content=好好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sun Apr 15 07:37:22 CST 2018, time=2018-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=305724, encodeId=c10a305e24cc, content=学习了.长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Apr 14 13:29:23 CST 2018, time=2018-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=305711, encodeId=4c50305e11e1, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/fhZdOu27e88Voqh19n8eF8cLplo8L4nicKtH0WnE3KFELXns5XDu8rsiceK2HHDZc2SEStia5VV3Pia2QLMVqlWbHw/0, createdBy=6e012139475, createdName=神功盖世, createdTime=Sat Apr 14 12:09:30 CST 2018, time=2018-04-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-15 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好好文献.学习了

    0

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    2018-04-14 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.长知识

    0

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    2018-04-14 神功盖世

    0

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