颈内静脉穿刺不顺?注意颈内静脉瓣!

2014-07-17 张华斌 新青年麻醉论坛

注意颈内静脉瓣 静脉瓣是静脉壁上防止静脉反流的瓣膜结构,主要见于肢体静脉系统。内脏静脉、头部静脉内和头臂静脉内没有静脉瓣,但在颈内静脉内有一对静脉瓣,是心脏与脑之间唯一的一对静脉瓣。颈内静脉瓣防止心房收缩时的颈内静脉反流,从而维持颅内静脉压的稳定和平衡,是重要的解剖结构。 但很多超声医师对这一结构不熟悉,常常把它误认为异常结构,甚至有把其当作颈静脉内膜剥离作为病例报道的笑话

注意颈内静脉瓣


静脉瓣是静脉壁上防止静脉反流的瓣膜结构,主要见于肢体静脉系统。内脏静脉、头部静脉内和头臂静脉内没有静脉瓣,但在颈内静脉内有一对静脉瓣,是心脏与脑之间唯一的一对静脉瓣。颈内静脉瓣防止心房收缩时的颈内静脉反流,从而维持颅内静脉压的稳定和平衡,是重要的解剖结构。

但很多超声医师对这一结构不熟悉,常常把它误认为异常结构,甚至有把其当作颈静脉内膜剥离作为病例报道的笑话,因此有必要对这一解剖结构做一介绍。

颈内静脉瓣位于颈内静脉根部,大致位于锁骨水平,个体之间位置略有差异,左侧位置较低。颈静脉瓣由前后两个瓣叶构成,随着心动周期的变化,可以见到瓣叶规律性的开合。声像图上颈静脉瓣呈带样强回声,根部附着于静脉壁上,瓣膜游离缘指向心脏方向,实时检查时可见瓣膜的关闭过程。利用M型超声可以清晰地显示瓣叶的运动规律和开闭。(图1,,2,3)

图1 正常颈内静脉瓣(前瓣叶未显示)


图2 颈内静脉的开合过程


图3 颈内静脉瓣的M型成像,显示瓣叶的规律性开合


颈内静脉瓣的临床意义

颈内静脉瓣作为心脏于脑之间的唯一的瓣膜结构,起着防止静脉反流维持颅内静脉压稳定的重要作用。

临床实践中,颈内静脉穿刺置管是急重症医学和麻醉科非常重要的操作,偶尔有穿刺后导丝不能顺利下行的状况出现,这就是因为导丝顺管壁下行过程中遇静脉瓣根部阻挡所致(图4)。本人曾经遇过两例,在超声引导下通过调整导丝位置得以置管成功。


图4 颈内静脉置管是导丝受静脉瓣根部阻挡,长白箭:血流方向,绿箭:导丝


颈内静脉瓣膜功能不全导致颈内静脉反流(图5),特别是在患者做Valsava样动作(如咳嗽、排便等)时,就会造成颅内静脉压一过性的增高。有几个研究显示颅内静脉压的升高与偏头痛的进展相关。 

Chuang 等则报告了颈内静脉或椎静脉反流与良性咳嗽性头痛有关。 

Doepp 等报告颈内静脉瓣功能不全与原发性运动性头痛相关。另外一些作者发现在一过性全脑遗忘症(Transient Global Amnesia,TGA)患者中颈内静脉瓣功能不全的发生率显著高于对照组。颈内静脉瓣功能不全在咳嗽性晕厥的发病机制中也可能起到了一定的作用。但也有研究对上述某些观点提出质疑。总之,颈静脉瓣功能不全可能与某些神经系统疾病相关,是一个值得研究和探讨的方向。

图5 颈静脉瓣功能不全。上图红色血流为瓣膜关闭不全形成的反流信号,下图为频谱多普勒显示的反流信号。黄箭:Valsava动作。

(作者:张华斌 华斌的超声世界)

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    2022-09-20 ms6000001978025782

    我第一次超声下遇到颈内V瓣时也有点疑惑,但仔细一看无论形态和功能都象Ⅴ瓣,欧了。

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2089253, encodeId=9fcd208925343, content=我第一次超声下遇到颈内V瓣时也有点疑惑,但仔细一看无论形态和功能都象Ⅴ瓣,欧了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98868252899, createdName=ms6000001978025782, createdTime=Tue Sep 20 08:32:10 CST 2022, time=2022-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48059, encodeId=0da548059af, content=值得收藏,学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 14:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697222, encodeId=ed5a169e2222d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Wed Jun 17 04:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1820288, encodeId=d7b5182028820, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ea7b1005164d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈内静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100516, encryptionId=ea7b1005164d, topicName=颈内静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c805395, createdName=ycmayy, createdTime=Mon Feb 09 16:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311859, encodeId=5d5c131185910, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21a6e54280e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75428, encryptionId=21a6e54280e, topicName=穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sat Jul 19 08:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581680, encodeId=6d211581680b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c3049916553' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99165, encryptionId=c3049916553, topicName=静脉穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=00b816859588, createdName=ms1467340776200723, createdTime=Sat Jul 19 08:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-26 hixiaoluo

    值得收藏,学习,谢谢分享

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2089253, encodeId=9fcd208925343, content=我第一次超声下遇到颈内V瓣时也有点疑惑,但仔细一看无论形态和功能都象Ⅴ瓣,欧了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98868252899, createdName=ms6000001978025782, createdTime=Tue Sep 20 08:32:10 CST 2022, time=2022-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48059, encodeId=0da548059af, content=值得收藏,学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 14:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697222, encodeId=ed5a169e2222d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Wed Jun 17 04:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1820288, encodeId=d7b5182028820, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ea7b1005164d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈内静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100516, encryptionId=ea7b1005164d, topicName=颈内静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c805395, createdName=ycmayy, createdTime=Mon Feb 09 16:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311859, encodeId=5d5c131185910, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21a6e54280e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75428, encryptionId=21a6e54280e, topicName=穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sat Jul 19 08:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581680, encodeId=6d211581680b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c3049916553' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99165, encryptionId=c3049916553, topicName=静脉穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=00b816859588, createdName=ms1467340776200723, createdTime=Sat Jul 19 08:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-17 fusion
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2089253, encodeId=9fcd208925343, content=我第一次超声下遇到颈内V瓣时也有点疑惑,但仔细一看无论形态和功能都象Ⅴ瓣,欧了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98868252899, createdName=ms6000001978025782, createdTime=Tue Sep 20 08:32:10 CST 2022, time=2022-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48059, encodeId=0da548059af, content=值得收藏,学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 14:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697222, encodeId=ed5a169e2222d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Wed Jun 17 04:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1820288, encodeId=d7b5182028820, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ea7b1005164d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈内静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100516, encryptionId=ea7b1005164d, topicName=颈内静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c805395, createdName=ycmayy, createdTime=Mon Feb 09 16:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311859, encodeId=5d5c131185910, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21a6e54280e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75428, encryptionId=21a6e54280e, topicName=穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Sat Jul 19 08:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581680, encodeId=6d211581680b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c3049916553' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99165, encryptionId=c3049916553, topicName=静脉穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=00b816859588, createdName=ms1467340776200723, createdTime=Sat Jul 19 08:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-07-19 rgjl
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