DPP-4抑制剂:破解2型糖尿病的治疗困境

2011-10-31 邹大进 中国医学论坛报

  目前2型糖尿病(T2DM)治疗存在哪些难题?二肽基肽酶4(DPP-4)抑制剂(如沙格列汀)可以成为破解这些难题的首选吗?DPP-4抑制剂疗效和安全性如何,有哪些支持证据?对于这些问题,2011年欧洲糖尿病研究学会(EASD)年会期间举行的一场关于DPP-4抑制剂沙格列汀应用现状与展望的会议给予了提示。   T2DM的治疗难题与应对   意大利德尔·普拉托(Del Prato)教授

  目前2型糖尿病(T2DM)治疗存在哪些难题?二肽基肽酶4(DPP-4)抑制剂(如沙格列汀)可以成为破解这些难题的首选吗?DPP-4抑制剂疗效和安全性如何,有哪些支持证据?对于这些问题,2011年欧洲糖尿病研究学会(EASD)年会期间举行的一场关于DPP-4抑制剂沙格列汀应用现状与展望的会议给予了提示。

  T2DM的治疗难题与应对

  意大利德尔·普拉托(Del Prato)教授将目前的T2DM治疗难题总结为6条:①肥胖负担重;②缺乏持久有效降糖药;③目前治疗保守,未及时调整方案;④存在不良事件,如低血糖;⑤患者依从性较差;⑥T2DM基础病理复杂。对于这些难题,他提出的应对方案为:①使用对体重无影响的降糖药;②在疾病早期采取更安全更有效的治疗;③转向积极的联合治疗;④减小低血糖风险;⑤改善治疗依从性;⑥考虑恢复生理状态的治疗。

  在应对T2DM治疗局限方面,DPP-4抑制剂有一定优势,其作为基于肠促胰素的治疗,针对T2DM病理机制发挥降糖效应,且低血糖风险小、不影响体重,是安全有效降糖的首选。

  超越传统治疗:初探DPP-4抑制剂心血管效应

  丹麦霍尔斯特(Holst)教授从心血管保护方面探讨了DPP-4抑制剂可能超越传统治疗的潜力。

  他首先总结了提示胰高糖素样肽1(GLP-1)具有心血管保护效应的4方面证据:改善非缺血心力衰竭心肌功能;改善缺血性心脏病心肌生存;改善T2DM患者内皮功能;降低T2DM患者心血管危险标志物。

  Holst教授随后列举了一系列提示DPP-4抑制剂具有心血管保护效应的研究证据:如西格列汀改善冠脉病患者对多巴酚丁胺刺激的心肌应答(Read et al. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010);维格列汀改善T2DM患者内皮依赖性血管扩张(Poppel et al. Diabetes Care 2011 Epub);沙格列汀可能降低心血管死亡、心肌梗死卒中危险(Postgrad Med 2010,122:16-27);利格列汀与磺脲类药物相比可能降低心血管风险[美国糖尿病学会(ADA)年会 2011 39-LB]。

  DPP-4抑制剂沙格列汀:现状及展望

  德国雅各布(Jacob)教授总结沙格列汀研究证据,指出其具有安全有效降糖的特点。

  降糖疗效方面,在二甲双胍、磺脲类(SU)或噻唑烷二酮(TZD)基础上加用沙格列汀5 mg治疗24周,可有效改善糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖和餐后血糖。与二甲双胍联用,沙格列汀5 mg可持续降糖102周。52周研究提示,与二甲双胍联用时,沙格列汀降糖疗效不劣于格列吡嗪,且低血糖风险更小,并有体重轻度降低(图)。此外,对于老年(≥65岁)患者,沙格列汀降糖疗效与非老年人群相当(-0.73%对 -0.68%)。即使对于肾功能不全患者,沙格列汀2.5 mg也可有效降低HbA1c,是首个在欧洲获准用于中、重度肾功能不全患者的DPP-4抑制剂。

  安全性方面,沙格列汀5 mg在所有24周研究中均耐受性良好,常见不良事件与安慰剂相当。沙格列汀与二甲双胍联用至4年,同样耐受性良好,确证低血糖事件少见(0~1.4%),无临床意义的体重改变。而且,沙格列汀治疗对血脂、血压或心率无影响,无胰腺炎、肝炎、皮肤病或肾脏安全性问题。对肾功能不全患者,沙格列汀安全耐受性也与安慰剂相当。回顾性分析显示,沙格列汀不增加甚至可能减小心血管风险。此外,最新的沙格列汀与胰岛素联用研究数据显示,沙格列汀组总体不良事件率和低血糖发生率与安慰剂组相当。

  沙格列汀还有多项研究正在进行,一项多中心随机双盲Ⅳ期研究(n=16500,持续4~5年),将评价标准治疗上加用沙格列汀与安慰剂相比较的心血管转归。另一项多中心随机双盲Ⅲb/Ⅳ期研究(n=698,52周)将比较沙格列汀与格列美脲用于二甲双胍单药血糖控制不佳老年(≥65岁)患者的疗效,主要终点为达标(HbA1c<7%)且无低血糖患者比例。

  从T2DM治疗难题到应对,从DPP-4抑制剂药理作用到临床应用,这场从基础到临床的T2DM治疗讨论会指出了对T2DM患者控制血糖的重要性,更强调了降糖同时关注安全性(减少低血糖、不增加体重等)、提高依从性的重要意义。DPP-4抑制剂具有降糖同时低血糖风险小、不增加体重、耐受性良好,并可能带来心血管有益影响的特点,作为新一类口服抗糖尿病药物将使更多患者获益。[7430901]

  现场临床病例讨论

  病例1

  患者女性,63岁,8年前诊断T2DM,当时HbA1c为8.5%,体质指数(BMI)为30 kg/m2,合并高血压和高血脂,使用辛伐他汀和缬沙坦治疗。从诊断至今,患者陆续接受生活方式干预基础上二甲双胍单药加量、联用格列齐特、再加用吡格列酮治疗,血糖控制仍不佳,HbA1c波动于 7.6%~8.4%。此次就诊,患者HbA1c为8.1%,BMI为32 kg/m2,确认有视网膜病变,血压、血脂控制尚好。患者自述不愿再服用多种 OAD,并担心不良事件(启用吡格列酮时发生外周水肿),其丈夫指出她未规律服药。

  现场提问:对于这例长期血糖控制不佳、合并视网膜病变、治疗依从性较差且有体重增加的患者,下一步如何治疗?

  参会医生回答:40%的医生选择进一步饮食干预基础上将SU替换为DPP-4抑制剂,35%的医生选择进一步饮食干预基础上将TZD替换为GLP-1受体激动剂,还有21%的医生建议对患者进行辅导并启用胰岛素,3%的医生建议进一步饮食干预基础上增加二甲双胍剂量。

  病例2

  患者男性,65岁,4年前诊断为T2DM,当时HbA1c为8.2%,BMI为29 kg/m2,合并高血压和冠心病,接受雷米普利、氢氯噻嗪、阿托伐他汀和小剂量阿司匹林治疗。自诊断后,患者陆续接受生活方式干预基础上二甲双胍单药加量和联用格列美脲治疗,血糖控制不佳,HbA1c波动于 7.5%~8.2%,同时患者出现头晕症状。此次就诊,患者HbA1c为8.1%,BMI为31 kg/m2,肾功能下降[估计的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)=48 ml/(min·1.73 m2)],血压控制不佳(155/90 mmHg)。

  现场提问:对于这例使用SU常出现低血糖、体重增加、肾功能下降并具高度心血管危险的患者,如果既往不使用格列美脲,你会选择采用何种治疗替代?

  参会医生回答:86%的医生选择在二甲双胍治疗基础上加用DPP-4抑制剂,11%的医生选择加用胰岛素,分别3%和1%的医生建议加用吡格列酮和格列齐特。

  欧洲大规模观察研究

  提示糖尿病治疗现状

  PANORAMA是一项在欧洲9国进行的大规模观察性研究,旨在评估T2DM患者的糖尿病相关生活质量和治疗满意度。本次EASD期间发布的结果提示,有效降糖达标和减少低血糖风险在改善患者生活质量和治疗满意度方面有重要意义。

  调查结果显示,糖尿病相关生活质量(ADDQoL)影响最显著方面为饮食自由。糖尿病治疗满意度(DTSQ)较好,但对于不能接受的高或低血糖,患者报告率高于医生。低血糖担心度调查(HFS-Ⅱ)显示,与既往未报告重度低血糖者相比,既往1年内报告≥1次重度低血糖者生活质量更差、对低血糖担心更严重、治疗满意度较差。健康状况(EQ-5D)评估提示,在疼痛不适和焦虑抑郁方面表示没有问题的患者约有半数(分别为46.7%和58.9%)。

  患者平均HbA1c为6.9%,HbA1c<7%达标率为62.4%。与达标患者相比,未达标者生活质量及治疗满意度较差、对低血糖担心更多、健康状况较差。单用胰岛素者低血糖发生率高于使用含胰岛素促泌剂的口服降糖药(OAD)者,后者又高于使用不含胰岛素促泌剂OAD者。采用DPP- 4抑制剂的治疗,使我们在改善患者生活质量和提高治疗满意度的方面迈进了一大步。

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    2015-09-27 pooja

    Great hammer of Thor, that is powfuerlly helpful!

    0

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    2012-01-29 jklm09
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=37424, encodeId=879d3e42450, content=Great hammer of Thor, that is powfuerlly helpful!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=pooja, createdTime=Sun Sep 27 08:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851076, encodeId=d84618510e699, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Sun Jan 29 06:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1784674, encodeId=88b31e84674be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a926214b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4抑制#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6214, encryptionId=6a926214b8, topicName=DPP-4抑制)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d139492, createdName=xue8602, createdTime=Wed Jul 25 18:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707173, encodeId=f65b1e071733a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fedc406085d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#困境#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40608, encryptionId=fedc406085d, topicName=困境)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0a4631370697, createdName=ms2536978994064944, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 16:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1374095, encodeId=6dd513e40953e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dad4621545' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6215, encryptionId=dad4621545, topicName=DPP-4抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8d7373, createdName=ewsr1, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 13:07:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1401920, encodeId=e1e214019200b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff0621125' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6211, encryptionId=7ff0621125, topicName=DPP-4)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJmFzSicR3biaepTGaMtOl8hS8SjNQ92YP4GmFUlefPkcPnZJWBsHM057ogFrQEPrgdTgPrlxG70KYA/132, createdBy=eeb42370314, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 13:07:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=37424, encodeId=879d3e42450, content=Great hammer of Thor, that is powfuerlly helpful!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=pooja, createdTime=Sun Sep 27 08:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851076, encodeId=d84618510e699, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Sun Jan 29 06:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1784674, encodeId=88b31e84674be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a926214b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4抑制#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6214, encryptionId=6a926214b8, topicName=DPP-4抑制)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d139492, createdName=xue8602, createdTime=Wed Jul 25 18:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707173, encodeId=f65b1e071733a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fedc406085d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#困境#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40608, encryptionId=fedc406085d, topicName=困境)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0a4631370697, createdName=ms2536978994064944, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 16:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1374095, encodeId=6dd513e40953e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dad4621545' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6215, encryptionId=dad4621545, topicName=DPP-4抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8d7373, createdName=ewsr1, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 13:07:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1401920, encodeId=e1e214019200b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff0621125' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6211, encryptionId=7ff0621125, topicName=DPP-4)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJmFzSicR3biaepTGaMtOl8hS8SjNQ92YP4GmFUlefPkcPnZJWBsHM057ogFrQEPrgdTgPrlxG70KYA/132, createdBy=eeb42370314, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 13:07:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=37424, encodeId=879d3e42450, content=Great hammer of Thor, that is powfuerlly helpful!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=pooja, createdTime=Sun Sep 27 08:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1851076, encodeId=d84618510e699, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Sun Jan 29 06:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1784674, encodeId=88b31e84674be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a926214b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4抑制#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6214, encryptionId=6a926214b8, topicName=DPP-4抑制)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d139492, createdName=xue8602, createdTime=Wed Jul 25 18:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707173, encodeId=f65b1e071733a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fedc406085d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#困境#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40608, encryptionId=fedc406085d, topicName=困境)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0a4631370697, createdName=ms2536978994064944, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 16:07:00 CST 2012, time=2012-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1374095, encodeId=6dd513e40953e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dad4621545' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6215, encryptionId=dad4621545, topicName=DPP-4抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8d7373, createdName=ewsr1, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 13:07:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1401920, encodeId=e1e214019200b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff0621125' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DPP-4#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6211, encryptionId=7ff0621125, topicName=DPP-4)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJmFzSicR3biaepTGaMtOl8hS8SjNQ92YP4GmFUlefPkcPnZJWBsHM057ogFrQEPrgdTgPrlxG70KYA/132, createdBy=eeb42370314, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 13:07:00 CST 2011, time=2011-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2011-11-02 gaoxiaoe