老年高血压管理专家建议:强调达标,但避免过度

2014-10-14 相关专家组 中华老年医学杂志,2014,33:689

预计2025年前后,全国有20%的人将进入“夕阳红”。高血压是老年人最常见的疾病,如何管理更好?近日中华医学会老年医学分会和中国医师协会高血压专业委员会共同制定的《老年人高血压特点与临床诊治流程专家建议》就是为此而来。 诊断和特点 如果年龄≥65岁的老年人,血压持续或3次以上非同日坐位收缩压≥140mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90mmHg,即可确诊。如果所测收缩压≥140mmHg,舒张

预计2025年前后,全国有20%的人将进入“夕阳红”。高血压是老年人最常见的疾病,如何管理更好?近日中华医学会老年医学分会和中国医师协会高血压专业委员会共同制定的《老年人高血压特点与临床诊治流程专家建议》就是为此而来。

诊断和特点

如果年龄≥65岁的老年人,血压持续或3次以上非同日坐位收缩压≥140mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90mmHg,即可确诊。如果所测收缩压≥140mmHg,舒张压<90mmHg,则可确诊为老年人单纯收缩期高血压。

老年高血压多表现为收缩压增高、脉压增大;血压波动大;血压昼夜节律异常;白大衣高血压增多;假性高血压增多。

治疗目标值

①年龄≥65岁患者,血压应降至150/90mmHg以下,如能耐受可进一步降至140/90mmHg以下;

②年龄≥80岁患者一般情况下不宜低于130/60mmHg;

③高血压合并糖尿病、冠心病、心力衰竭和肾功能不全患者降压目标应<140/90mmHg。

强调收缩压达标,同时避免过度降低血压;在患者能耐受降压治疗的前提下,逐步降压达标,避免过快降压。

治疗方法

生活方式干预仍是基石,需要治疗所有可逆性心血管危险因素、亚临床靶器官损害及各种并存的临床疾病。具体治疗策略如图所示,其中第一步均为小剂量开始,药物治疗后血压未达标者,可在原药基础上加量或另加一种降压药,如达标则持续用药;第二步也如此。

图 老年高血压患者降压药物选择流程

(注:A为ACEI或ARB;B为β受体阻滞剂;C为钙通道阻滞剂;D噻嗪类利尿剂;F为低剂量固定复方制剂)

如果患者合并多种心脑血管疾病,则要注意在治疗过程中有无脑循环低灌注、心肌缺血相关症状、药物不良反应。具体策略见表。

老年人高血压合并心脑血管疾病的降压策略

 


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