难治性糖尿病足溃疡或许不再“难治”

2016-06-01 王椿 冉兴无 中国医学论坛报

难治性糖尿病足溃疡是指糖尿病足溃疡经过标准治疗2~6周后无好转甚至溃疡恶化者。难治性糖尿病足溃疡或肌腱、骨关节暴露的足溃疡给临床医生的治疗带来巨大挑战,既增加住院时间和住院费用,又增加截肢和死亡风险,大大降低了糖尿病患者生活质量。

难治性糖尿病足溃疡是指糖尿病足溃疡经过标准治疗2~6周后无好转甚至溃疡恶化者。难治性糖尿病足溃疡或肌腱、骨关节暴露的足溃疡给临床医生的治疗带来巨大挑战,既增加住院时间和住院费用,又增加截肢和死亡风险,大大降低了糖尿病患者生活质量。

难治性糖尿病足溃疡

难治性糖尿病足溃疡是指糖尿病足溃疡经过标准治疗2~6周后无好转甚至溃疡恶化者。难治性糖尿病足溃疡或肌腱、骨关节暴露的足溃疡给临床医生的治疗带来巨大挑战,既增加住院时间和住院费用,又增加截肢和死亡风险,大大降低了糖尿病患者生活质量。

自体富血小板凝胶(APG)

概念

越来越多的证据显示,自体富血小板凝胶(APG)作为一种辅助治疗手段,能促进糖尿病足慢性创面愈合。那么,什么是APG呢?

众所周知,基于不同沉降系数,血液中各组分可进行分层制备。经过“二次差速离心”对抗凝全血进行浓缩、分离可制备富含血小板的血浆。在自体富血小板血浆(PRP)中加入凝血酶和钙剂后即形成APG。

活化的血小板被认为是组织再生和修复的启动因子和最关键的调节因子。PRP与凝血酶及钙剂混合后,血小板迅速被激活。之后,α-颗粒与血小板细胞膜融合,无活性的生长因子通过增加组蛋白及碳水化合物侧链转变为活性生长因子,并从细胞中释放;生长因子与成骨细胞、成纤维细胞、基质干细胞、表皮细胞等膜受体结合激活内源性信号蛋白,促进细胞增殖、胶原合成和基质形成。从血小板释放的生长因子包括血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)、转化生长因子(TGF-β)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和表皮生长因子(EGF)等。

PRP中的血小板含有多种细胞黏附因子,如纤维蛋白、纤维结合蛋白和玻璃黏连蛋白等,在细胞移行中起重要作用。血小板分泌5-羟色胺和组胺,可增加毛细血管通透性,使炎症细胞更易达到创面,刺激巨噬细胞的活性。同时,糖尿病足溃疡或糖尿病难治性皮肤溃疡患者的APG对金黄色葡萄球菌有明显抑制作用;与抗生素联合应用可能会增加APG对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌作用。APG对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用可能来自血小板激活后释放的抗菌物质。对患者停用抗生素后使用APG,可促进糖尿病足截肢后对所有抗生素耐药的超级细菌感染创面愈合。另外,APG可通过调控MMPs/TIMPs,促进糖尿病足溃疡创面愈合。

制备

在临床上如何制备APG?APG制备的关键是最大血小板浓度和具有生物活性的生长因子浓度是否达到治疗水平。目前PRP的制备可以通过血小板自动分离系统获得,但该设备及耗材价格昂贵,无法在国内推广。

四川大学华西医院糖尿病足诊治中心于2005年在国内首次建立“二次差速离心法”提取PRP,进而制备APG,用于临床治疗糖尿病足及其他糖尿病难治性皮肤溃疡。简言之,抽取患者静脉血于EDTA-Na2真空采血管中,迅速将抗凝全血在2000rpm离心4分钟,分离去除红细胞;血浆层在4000rpm离心6分钟,分离底层即血小板沉积层。静置30分钟后振摇离心管,即得PRP。通过该方法获得的PRP中血小板浓度可达1363.8×109/L,血小板回收率约75%。四川大学华西医院糖尿病足诊治中心完成了目前国内单中心样本量最大的随机、对照临床研究,其结果显示,与标准治疗组67.3%的溃疡愈合率和10%的截肢率相比,APG治疗组溃疡愈合率和截肢率分别为85.4%和2.1%,且不增加医疗费用,无全身及局部不良事件。

临床应用

真正的富血小板血浆是自体,而非同种异体,这是因为后者具有抗原性,可通过免疫反应产生抗体,不能产生有活性的生长因子。由于约70%生长因子在血浆凝固的10分钟内被释放,而95%预先合成的生长因子在1小时内释放,故APG制备后最好在1小时内用于创面治疗,以发挥其最大功效。APG中血小板在其后1周继续分泌各种生长因子促进溃疡愈合,且巨噬细胞通过血小板刺激的新生血管在溃疡局部继续释放生长因子。故自体富血小板凝胶治疗后2周才考虑再进行重复治疗。

APG治疗糖尿病难治性皮肤溃疡的注意事项包括:正确评估溃疡肢体的血供情况;彻底清创与引流,去除坏死组织;外敷油纱,避免生理盐纱吸附;注意患肢减压以及观察血小板凝胶治疗后肉芽组织的生长情况等。必须强调的是,APG仅是糖尿病足溃疡综合治疗措施中的一种治疗手段,而非唯一治疗措施。如果下肢缺血,即踝肱指数(ABI)<0.6,必须首先改善下肢血供,否则溃疡无法愈合,APG亦不适用。

临床病例分享

老年女性糖尿病患者,长期血糖控制欠佳,因左足第二足趾破溃变黑,截趾后创面不愈合,至四川大学华西医院糖尿病足诊治中心就诊。血管彩超提示患者下肢动脉广泛钙化,伴双侧股浅动脉及右侧腓动脉闭塞(图1)。经全身支持、抗感染、局部清创换药、扩血管及减压等综合治疗后,行APG治疗,最终创面愈合(图2)。

图1 双下肢动脉广泛钙化伴闭塞。A:左侧股浅动脉钙化伴闭塞;B:右侧腓动脉钙化伴闭塞

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    2016-09-21 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,非常有益

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    2016-09-15 舒心和人

    好思路,造福更多患者

    0

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    2016-06-03 freve
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    2016-06-02 沉心多思

    好文章,得多学习了

    0

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    2016-06-01 沉心多思

    富贵病……

    0

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