菜鸟上手指南:高血钾的处理思路与治疗

2016-12-12 江河 心血管时间

和低钾血症相比,高钾血症在临床上显得更危重一些,因为,它可以随时引起致命性心律失常,严重时导致心室颤动,分分钟要人命。临床上,看到超过 5.5 mmol/L 的血钾,很多医生心里都会咯噔一下。问题来了,如何处理一个高钾血症的患者呢?是马上把你知道的那些降血钾的药物都上去?还是马上找肾内科,甚至 ICU 会诊,准备 crrt 降低血钾?还是那句话,高钾血症,一定是有原因的,所有降低血钾的治疗,还是对

和低钾血症相比,高钾血症在临床上显得更危重一些,因为,它可以随时引起致命性心律失常,严重时导致心室颤动,分分钟要人命。

临床上,看到超过 5.5 mmol/L 的血钾,很多医生心里都会咯噔一下。问题来了,如何处理一个高钾血症的患者呢?


是马上把你知道的那些降血钾的药物都上去?还是马上找肾内科,甚至 ICU 会诊,准备 crrt 降低血钾?

还是那句话,高钾血症,一定是有原因的,所有降低血钾的治疗,还是对症治疗。治疗原则是找到原发病。

病皆有因常见的高钾血症原因

1. 钾过多

包括:(1)肾脏排钾减少;(2)摄入钾过多;

2. 转移性高钾血症

包括 :(1)组织破坏;(2)细胞膜功能障碍;

3. 浓缩性高钾血症;

4. 假性高钾血症,血管内溶血。

从中我们可以看出,除了各种原因(包括挤压伤,组织破坏)引起的肾功能不全,排钾困难。很多时候,细胞外的钾绝对值并不一定真正的高,或者说,你可以通过用药,很快改善原发病,从而来改善高血钾。

面对高血钾威胁你应该这么做

高钾血症对机体最重要的威胁,是心脏抑制,所以,一旦化验单回报,你需要马上做事情包括:

1. 马上做心电图,同时连上心电监护

如果已经有了来诊或者既往的心电图,一定要前后对比,是否出现了变化。如果出现了下面的致命性心律失常,包括基底窄而高尖的 T 波,PR 间期延长,P 波消失,QRS 波群变宽,R 波减低,S 波变深,ST 段与 T 波融合。

如果出现正弦波,QRS 波群延长,T 波高尖,甚至出现心室颤动,必须马上处理,具体用药见后。

2. 做一个血气分析

很多时候,高钾血症,本身可以导致酸碱平衡紊乱,前面也提到,酸碱平衡紊乱,也会导致高钾血症,自然,纠正相应的紊乱,也就能纠正高钾血症。

3. 确定肾功能,尤其是肌酐清除率

一般电解质化验同时,都会化验肾功能,如果没有,马上抽血查肾功能,尤其是既往有肾病史的病人。通过肾脏排钾,是最有效的降血钾手段,没有可靠的肾功能,血钾很难降下来。

一般尿量每天超过 500 毫升,高钾血症很难发生, 即使发生了,也很容易纠正。如果患者肾功能很差或者已经是尿毒症期,同时出现了少尿,甚至无尿,那么该患者的肾脏对于降低血钾已经无能为力,只能靠人工肾脏,包括透析,crrt 等。

4. 明确患者的尿量

仔细询问尿量,亲自观察患者尿液的颜色,性状,并留取标本化验,有可能的话,留置导尿,根据患者尿量,决定治疗手段。

5. 降低血钾

治疗手段包括以下,按照病情参考使用,具体的药物剂量,可以参考内科学等书籍,这里只介绍原则。

面对高血钾这么办高钾血症治疗原则

1. 心电图没问题,肾功能正常,或者稍异常,计算肌酐清除率,超过 50 ~ 60 mL/min/1.73m2 的患者,能够通过病史和其他化验,明确病因,考虑使用利尿剂同时,尽快纠正原发病。如果病因非常明确,病情平稳,可以仅仅进行纠正病因治疗,并严密观察。

2. 心电图没问题,既往有肾病史,肾功能有问题,计算肌酐清除率,低于 50 ~ 60 mL/min/1.73m2,但仍高于 30 的患者,能够找到前述的可能病因,使用利尿药物。
同时,可以酌情使用碳酸氢钠(结合血气分析结果),使用糖+胰岛素降低血钾(个人意见,最好是糖和胰岛素分开输入,每小时测量一次血糖,高了胰岛素加量,低了糖加量,这样可以最大限度避免低血糖和高血糖发生),同时尽快寻找和处理诱发因素,动态监测肾功能和血钾变化。
3. 在 2 的基础上,出现了心电图改变,除了上述治疗以外,加用对抗钾的心脏抑制的药物,包括葡萄糖酸钙,相应的抗心律失常药物等,重要的事情说三遍,动态监测乘以 3,监测包括心电图,血气,肾功能和电解质等等。

建议每 2 ~ 3 小时复查一次,有异常情况随时复查,尤其是血气分析,出结果快,里面也有血钾,随时可以观察。

4. 在 3 的基础上,肌酐清除率,低于 25 ~ 30 mL/min/1.73m2,什么也不用说了,赶快把能用的降低血钾,对抗心脏抑制的药物全用上,找肾内科或者 ICU 会诊,血液净化治疗准备。这时候,严重致命性心律失常,包括心室颤动,心脏停博随时可能发生,准备好除颤器。

这种室颤,会反复发生,除之不尽,曾有医生站在患者床头,手持电极板,随时待命,一个小时除颤二十多次,直到深静脉置管,进行血液净化治疗,血钾下降才彻底解决。

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    2017-01-12 幸运8355

    学习了,非常感谢

    0

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    2016-12-19 舒心和人

    感谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2016-12-14 杨柳青青

    签到学习~谢谢分享

    0

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    2016-12-14 花开冉末i

    临床上确实有很多高钾的病人,讲的很详细!

    0

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    2016-12-14 qindq
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    2016-12-14 小M医师

    不错的哦!

    0

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    2016-12-13 187清风

    高钾确实比低钾可怕,措施要及时

    0

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    2016-12-13 ylzr123

    很好,不错的指南资料,值得拥有值得收藏,值得探究。给自己学习探究提供方便。点个赞!

    0

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    2016-12-13 1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称)

    学习了,感谢分享

    0

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    2016-12-13 杨柳青青

    感谢分享~~学习了

    0

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