JAMA Netw Open:种族和家庭社会经济地位与儿科术后死亡率的关系

2022-03-26 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

最近的一项研究发现,黑人儿童比白人儿童更有可能在计划外再次手术后死亡。即使在健康儿童中,黑人儿童的术后发病率和死亡率的风险调整率也高于白人儿童。

背景:最近的一项研究发现,黑人儿童比白人儿童更有可能在计划外再次手术后死亡。即使在健康儿童中,黑人儿童的术后发病率和死亡率的风险调整率也高于白人儿童。与健康差异相关的潜在机制尚不清楚,但可以理解是复杂和多方面的。例如,美国儿科学会报告称,少数族裔儿童获得初级保健医生和专家服务的机会较少,并且更有可能在医生就诊之间间隔超过1年。这些研究结果表明,在具有少数民族背景的儿童中,卫生保健需求未得到满足的风险较高;术前诊断不足和处理不当是手术并发症增加的潜在原因。

    除了患者并发症的负担,家庭社会经济地位(SES)是健康差异的另一个重要来源。已发现SES与健康之间存在单向的关联,SES类别的每次增加都与个人健康状况的逐步改善相关。反过来似乎也是如此,SES的减少与更差的手术结果相关。尽管SES与健康结果之间存在关联,但要准确区分SES对健康状况的影响与种族的影响仍具有挑战性,因为种族和SES也是相关的。例如,与白人同龄人相比,黑人经历的贫困和不平等不成比例。此外,少数民族儿童更有可能出生贫困,并在几代人的时间里一直处于收入分配的最底层。因此,社会经济地位可能会调节种族与健康状况之间的联系,从而难以在这些变量和手术结果之间建立明确的联系。

目的:评估家庭SES增加是否与儿科术后死亡率降低相关,如果是,这种相关性在黑人和白人儿童中是否公平。

方法:这项回顾性队列研究使用了来自全美51家独立儿科三级护理医院的数据,这些医院向儿童医院协会儿科健康信息系统进行了报告。这项研究包括1 378 111名小于18岁的黑人和白人儿童,他们在2004年1月1日至2020年12月31日期间接受了住院手术。种族(黑人和白人)和父母收入四分位数(用作SES的替代指标,以居住邮政编码的收入中位数四分位数衡量)。种族由父母或监护人在入院时自行报告,或由登记小组根据每家医院的政策和州法律进行评估。主要结果是风险调整后的住院死亡率,按种族和父母收入四分位数控制基线协变量。为了评估属于最高收入四分位数是否改变了种族和术后死亡率之间的关联,研究了乘性和加性交互作用。

结果:在研究期间接受外科手术的1378 111名儿童中,黑人248 464名(18.0%),白人1 129 647名(82.0%),西班牙裔211 127名(15.3%),非西班牙裔825 477名(59.9%)。只有49 541名黑人儿童(20.3%)属于收入最高的四分位数,而白人儿童为482758名(43.0%)。总死亡率为1.2%,死亡率随着收入四分位数的增加而降低(第一分位数[最低收入]为1.4%,第二分位数为1.3%,第三分位数为1.0%,第四分位数[最高收入]为0.9%;P<.001)。在那些属于收入最低的三个四分位数的人中,黑人儿童的术后死亡几率比白人儿童高33%(调整后的优势比,1.33;95%CI,1.27-1.39;P<.001)。这种种族差异在属于最高收入四分位数的儿童中持续存在(调整后的优势比,1.39;95%可信区间,1.25-1.54;P<.001)。收入最高四分位数的黑人儿童的术后死亡率(1.30%;95%CI,1.19%-1.42%)与收入最低四分位数的白人儿童(1.20%;95%CI,1.16%-1.25%)相似。黑人种族和收入之间的交互作用在乘性尺度(交互作用的β=1.0 4;95%CI,0.93-1.17;P=.45)和加性尺度(交互作用的相对超额风险=0.0 1;95%CI,−0.11)上都没有统计学意义。

图 按邮政编码调整的不同家庭收入水平的住院死亡发生率

表1 家庭收入水平增加时,按种族划分的住院死亡发生率

结论:在这项队列研究中,SES的增加与较低的儿科术后死亡率相关。然而,最高SES类别的黑人儿童的术后死亡率显著高于同一类别的白人儿童,而最高SES类别的黑人儿童的死亡率与最低SES类别的白人儿童的死亡率相当。这些发现表明,与白人儿童相比,增加家庭自尊并不能为黑人儿童提供公平的优势,仅针对社会经济不平等的干预措施可能不能完全解决儿科术后死亡率持续存在的种族差异。

原文出处:  Willer BL,  Mpody C,  Tobias JD, et al.Association of Race and Family Socioeconomic Status With Pediatric Postoperative Mortality.JAMA Netw Open 2022 Mar 01;5(3)

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    2022-11-16 feather89
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