AJR:LI-RADS——肝脏影像学报告和数据管理系统

2014-07-21 国际肝病 国际肝病

LI-RADS的必要性肝细胞肝癌(HCC)可谓“恶名昭著”,在男性最常见的肿瘤和最常见的肿瘤死亡原因排行中,HCC分别位列第五位和第二位。现有治疗HCC的手段包括切除、局部治疗和肝移植,但无论是哪一种方式,无一例外都对早期HCC有效。因此,对于HCC而言,早期诊断和分期是决定治疗预后的关键因素。而且,与其他很多恶性肿瘤不同,对HCC的治疗决策常常只取决于影像学表现,而不依赖组织学检查。影像学检

2011年3月,美国放射学院(America College of Radiology,ACR)发布了肝脏影像报告和数据管理系统 ( liver imaging reporting and data system,LI-RADS)[1],该影像系统是继乳腺影像报告和数据管理系统(breast imaging reporting and data system,BI-RADS)之后的又一疾病(器官)影像标准化报告及评价系统,旨在解决临床对肝细胞癌( hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的CT和MR征象描述混淆的状态,从而彻底改变目前放射科医师诊断和评价HCC的方式.现介绍给国内的读者,希望对推动临床 诊断的标准化有所帮助.

LI-RADS的必要性


肝细胞肝癌(HCC)可谓“恶名昭著”,在男性最常见的肿瘤和最常见的肿瘤死亡原因排行中,HCC分别位列第五位和第二位。现有治疗HCC的手段包括切除、局部治疗和肝移植,但无论是哪一种方式,无一例外都对早期HCC有效。因此,对于HCC而言,早期诊断和分期是决定治疗预后的关键因素。而且,与其他很多恶性肿瘤不同,对HCC的治疗决策常常只取决于影像学表现,而不依赖组织学检查。影像学检查对于HCC的早期诊断和分期必不可少。对肝内病灶及解剖学特征的准确描述和分期对于制定治疗策略和管理措施至关重要。

然而,不同影像学结果的变异性限制了影像学结果及治疗预后在不同机构间、甚至在同一机构内的比较。在LI-RADS未普及之前,经常发生这样的情况,同一例患者在不同医疗机构得到的诊断结果大相径庭。患者在医院甲可能被诊断为患有HCC,而到医院乙却没有得出相同的诊断,相应地,也未得到恰当的治疗。通常我们会复查这些影像学报告,然而很多时候却得到一个完全不同于最初判断的结论。这不是因为其中某一次的诊断存在错误,而是因为没有一种标准方法去描述这些影像学检查所呈现的病变。

目前,肝癌的诊断方法有很多种,这不仅表现在对影像学资料的不同描述上,而且还表现在获取影像学图像的方法上。这就给医院管理工作以及相关的大规模多中心的临床研究造成很多困难。同时,随着流动人口的日益增加,也可能耽误患者的及时治疗。因此,需要统一的肝内病灶分类标准。

LI-RADS的工作原理及简介


LI-RADS很好地解决了影像学报告的统一性问题,其目标是对确定为HCC的病灶获得100%的阳性预测值,其分类标准适用于单个病灶,而非整个肝脏。

LI-RADS包含多重的(不同)元素。首先是类别代码,通过1~5的分级来描述不同程度的肝脏病变:1级—确定良性、2级—可能良性、3级—过渡性、4级—可能HCC和5级—确定HCC。此外,还包括其他多种元素:规范的报告模板、通用词汇和图谱。词汇是一系列影像学特征术语,每一个人都可以使用,每个使用术语的人都表示相同的意思。而图谱将与词汇保持一致,这样才能举例说明。理论上,LI-RADS将包含所有肝癌、肝硬化、血管瘤、炎性假瘤等不同疾病的最细节特征的描述标准,从而能成为系统监控和显示肝脏的影像学变化的有效工具,最终达到可以海量数据收集的目标。

应用LI-RADS的经验分享

首先,在不同科室中存在着跨学科的沟通交流。将外科医生、肝病专家、放疗专家和影像诊断专家聚集在一起对病例进行讨论,有利于患者的诊断和疾病的综合治疗,这也是协作精神的关键所在。而推广、学习并运用规范化术语描述患者的影像学报告是沟通交流的第一步。其次,在全国各地的医疗系统推广并普及LI-RADS,使用某种标准化的术语,有利于节约医疗资源,疾病的管理。

美国加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校(UCSD)医学中心应用LI-RADS已经有三年了。起初,LI-RADS仅在宾夕法尼亚的托马斯杰弗逊大学和UCSD两家机构应用。随后,研究人员分别对这两家机构的系统进行了改进,并逐渐将二者结合在一起,使其成为一个系统—这就是LI-RADS的早期版本。

随着临床应用经验的积累,LI-RADS也有了很大的改进。现在,LI-RADS可以对肝硬化患者试图进行全谱病变的描述。而且,检测目标不一定局限于描述那些良性病变,事实上,有的影像报告更需要关注的是其对良性病灶诊断的可信程度,而并不需要进一步明确其究竟是血管瘤还是囊肿。

对于肝癌患者的监测,虽然目前的指南建议用超声检查,一些机构也使用CT、MRI做监测。目前,现版本的LI-RADS适用于未治疗病例采用胞外对比剂的CT和MRI所获得的影像学结果,超声检查尚未被引入LI-RADS。预计在不久的将来,就像引进其他对比剂一样,我们将引入超声检查。在这种情况下,LI-RADS的使用将会更加广泛,特别是在亚洲国家将得到普及。

更多的影像诊断规范

如果有诊断规范可依,尽量参照广泛接受的学科规范。例如乳腺有BI-RADS,还有甲状腺的TI-RADS、肝脏的LI-RADS、前列腺的PI-RADS正在推出,椎间盘突出有北美脊柱外科协会和放射学会共同推荐的诊断标准,并且随时接纳标准的更新。

原始出处:
Jha RC, Mitchell DG, Weinreb JC, Santillan CS, Yeh BM, Francois R, Sirlin CB.LI-RADS Categorization of Benign and Likely Benign Findings in Patients at Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Pictorial Atlas.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014 Jul;203(1):W48-69.

Clark TJ, McNeeley MF, Maki JH.Design and implementation of handheld and desktop software for the structured reporting of hepatic masses using the LI-RADS schema. Acad Radiol. 2014 Apr;21(4):491-506

Purysko AS, Remer EM, Coppa CP, Leão Filho HM, Thupili CR, Veniero JC.LI-RADS: a case-based review of the new categorization of liver findings in patients with end-stage liver disease.Radiographics. 2012 Nov-Dec;32(7):1977-95.

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    2015-01-07 zhanfl
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    2015-01-08 江川靖瑶
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