AJPM：科学家发现上班族离家越远健康状况越差

美国成年人驱车上班单程距离。数据来源：美国交通部和交通统计局。

有关上下班路程对人体健康的研究已经不胜枚举。如今，科学家又有新发现：在开车上班族中，住得离单位越远的人，越容易出现各种健康问题，包括心肺功能衰退、体重增加、胆固醇升高、血压偏高等。没错，住得远的确不利于身体健康！

开车上班这种“行为”其实是一种惰性十足的“不作为”。一个人总那么一屁股坐在那里，心血管健康会每况日下，腰围很可能也会与日俱增。这项发表于《美国预防医学杂志》6月刊的研究发现，通常而言，住得越远的人，健康状况越差。

研究人员跟踪调查了分别在达拉斯沃斯堡的11个县城及德克斯萨州奥斯丁繁华市区生活和工作的4297位参与者，并对他们的通勤距离及各种健康指标进行比较。这些指标包括心肺功能、体重指数以及腰围等反应新陈代谢健康状况的指标等。结果发现，通勤距离较远的人更有可能提供不良健康数据，其总体运动量也比近途上班者要低。

即便把每位参与者的日常锻炼习惯和心血管健康状况这两个变量进行调整后，腰围和体重指数仍会随着通勤距离的增加而增加。单程驱车10英里以上的上班族还出现血压偏高的状况。单程驱车15英里以上的人不大可能会遵从建议进行“适度到大量”的体育锻炼，这些人更容易肥胖。

美国交通部和交通统计局的一项研究发现，美国人的平均单程通勤距离约为15英里。由上图可知，超过2/3的人住得离单位不到15英里，而11%的人超过30英里。

根据美国疾病控制中心的数据，超过35%的美国成年人为大胖子。

根据《美国社区调查》2009年的数据，美国人的平均通勤时长为25.1分钟（大城市比均值约长半分钟）。在亚特兰大、芝加哥、华盛顿特区等大城市，平均通勤时长超过30分钟，名列美国各地前茅。德克萨斯的拉伯克和蒙大拿州的米苏拉的市民通勤时长最短，单程平均仅为15分钟。

即便是通勤时间最短的上班族，一年算下来，他们坐在驾驶座上的时间也相当不菲。以美国人的平均时长—25.1分钟来算，每天上下班共需50.2分钟，1周工作5天，1年工作50周（哈哈，只给你2周的假期），那么一年下来就有209个小时花在上下班路上。假如你睡眠充足（一天睡足8小时），那么这209个小时就相当于你一年中清醒时间的3.6%都呆在爱车里—不停的踩油门、踩刹车，还有，打灯。

通勤时间长已经很遭人恨了，但有关这个课题还需要更多研究。该研究报告的作者指出，关于上班路上静坐不动对健康是否有影响、如何影响等问题还有待进一步研究。例如，上班路上坐在驾驶座上的1小时和在办公室座位上的1小时有什么不同？和在你家沙发上坐上1小时又有何不同？和搭公交1小时又有什么区别？

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.020
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Commuting Distance, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Metabolic Risk

Masato Maesako1, Kengo Uemura2, Masakazu Kubota2, Akira Kuzuya2, Kazuki Sasaki2, Naoko Hayashida2, Megumi Asada-Utsugi2, Kiwamu Watanabe2, Maiko Uemura2, Takeshi Kihara2, Ryosuke Takahashi3, Shun Shimohama4 and Ayae Kinoshita

Background: Limited evidence exists on the metabolic and cardiovascular risk correlates of commuting by vehicle, a habitual form of sedentary behavior.

Purpose: To examine the association between commuting distance, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fıtness (CRF), and metabolic risk indicators.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 4297 adults who had a comprehensive medical examination between 2000 and 2007 and geocoded home and work addresses in 12 Texas metropolitan counties. Commuting distance was measured along the road network. Outcome variables included weekly MET-minutes of self-reported physical activity, CRF, BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and continuously measured metabolic syndrome. Outcomes were also dichotomized using established cut-points. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, smoking, alcohol intake, family history of diabetes, and history of high cholesterol, as well as BMI and weekly MET-minutes of physical activity and CRF (for BMI and metabolic risk models). Analyses were conducted in 2011.

Results: Commuting distance was negatively associated with physical activity and CRF and positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and continuous metabolic score in fully adjusted linear regression models. Logistic regression analyses yielded similar associations; however, of the models with metabolic risk indicators as outcomes, only the associations with elevated blood pressure remained signifıcant after adjustment for physical activity and CRF.

Conclusions: Commuting distance was adversely associated with physical activity, CRF, adiposity,and indicators of metabolic risk.