Lancet:过敏性心内膜炎一例分析

2014-02-04 MedSci Lancet中文版

2006年8月3日,一名53岁男性因青霉素过敏伴无热性血培养阴性的心内膜炎(BCNE) 前来就诊。患者居住在马赛市市区,从未出国旅游,也无特殊的食物过敏史。4个月前,曾接受二尖瓣置换术,移植物为猪瓣膜(HancokⅡ, Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA)。经食管超声心动图发现生物瓣膜上有赘生物。血培养及血清学结果均为阴性,经验性给予抗葡萄球菌治疗。由 于赘生物

2006年8月3日,一名53岁男性因青霉素过敏伴无热性血培养阴性的心内膜炎(BCNE) 前来就诊。患者居住在马赛市市区,从未出国旅游,也无特殊的食物过敏史。4个月前,曾接受二尖瓣置换术,移植物为猪瓣膜(HancokⅡ, Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA)。经食管超声心动图发现生物瓣膜上有赘生物。血培养及血清学结果均为阴性,经验性给予抗葡萄球菌治疗。

由 于赘生物体积增大导致瓣膜开合障碍,因此需重新置换同类型的HancokⅡ瓣膜。此后这种无热性BCNE在2006年10月和12月分别复发一次,每次复 发都进行了二尖瓣置换术,采用的仍是HancokⅡ生物膜瓣。2007年6月,患者因第三次复发死亡。每个分离出来的瓣膜均表现出炎症浸润和赘生物,从而 支持心内膜炎的诊断。对于每次复发,我们均按照之前报道的BCNE病因的综合诊断程序[1]检测了血清标本和生物瓣膜,但结果均为阴性。

排 除感染性原因后主要考虑非感染性因素。在重新审查患者资料后,发现置换的生物瓣膜上有大量嗜酸性粒细胞浸润(附图)。因此,我们怀疑对猪瓣膜过敏可能是发 生心内膜炎的主要病因。血中嗜酸性粒细胞的数量在每次瓣膜置换后均增加。采用FEIA ImmunoCAP 试剂盒检测4份-20℃保存的血清中总IgE浓度及针对猪肉和牛肉的特异性IgE浓度。其他采用相同瓣膜置换的10例患者的血清标本作为对照。结果所有样 本均未发现针对牛肉的特异性IgE。本例患者在首次瓣膜置换前,血清中总IgE和针对猪肉的特异性IgE的浓度较低,但在首次瓣膜置换后两者均升高且持续 存在。而对照患者中两者均呈阴性。

附图  感染性心内膜炎与猪组织过敏

2006年8月8日切除的移植生物瓣膜标本经苏木素-伊红染色显示,瓣膜组织结构广泛破坏,并有大的赘生物生成,该赘生物上有密集的多种炎性细胞浸润,其中含有大量嗜酸性粒细胞(箭头)。

本例患者发生了罕见的对猪生物瓣膜过敏的复发性无热性BCNE。在1983-2009年间收治的1107例BCNE患者中[1],有5例患者(包括本例患者)发生了复发性BCNE,需要多次瓣膜置换。该例患者对猪瓣膜过敏,表现出嗜酸性粒细胞浸润和无菌性赘生物,从而诊断为心内膜炎[1]。并且推断患者表现的是嗜酸性粒细胞浸润的无热性BCNE。目前仅有少数关于嗜酸性粒细胞性BCNE的报道。其中一例是对替考拉宁过敏[2],另一例致死的病例是Loeffler心内膜炎[3]。 本例患者接受了4次瓣膜置换,并在诊断后接受了各种抗生素的治疗,出现这种Loeffler心内膜炎的可能性较小。此外,瓣膜置换、嗜酸性粒细胞增多和特 异性IgE增多存在时间上的相关性。据报道,猪移植物过敏性炎症还发生在一例淋巴细胞性脑膜炎接受了猪硬脑膜移植的患者,最后不得不手术移除[4]。为了阻止过敏反应和移植物排斥反应,生物瓣膜应该用戊二醛处理。然而,这种方法仍不能完全清除移植物的抗原性[5],仍会发生免疫反应。因此,对猪组织过敏应该被视为接受猪瓣膜移植患者发生BCNE的一种罕见病因。


参考文献


[1] BFournier PE, Thuny F, Richet H, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic strategy for blood culture-negative endocarditis: a prospective study of 819 new cases. Clin Infect Dis, 2010, 51: 131–40.

[2] Cooper HL, Pickard C, Healy E, et al. Antibiotic hypersensitivity mimicking recurrent endocarditis–identifying the culprit with the in vitro lymphocyte transformation test. QJM, 2008, 101: 67–68.

[3] Gudmundsson GS, Ohr J, Leya F, et al. An unusual case of recurrent Loffler endomyocarditis of the aortic valve. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2003, 127: 606–69.

[4] Zeman AZ, Maurice-Williams RS, Luxton R, et al. Lymphocytic meningitis following insertion of a porcine dermis dural graft.  Surg Neurol, 1993, 40: 75–80.

[5] Manji RA, Zhu LF, Nijjar NK, et al. Glutaraldehyde-fixed bioprosthetic heart valve conduits calcify and fail from xenograft rejection. Circulation, 2006, 114: 318–27.

来源:Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Franck Thuny, Dominique Grisoli,et al.A deadly aversion to pork .Lancet 2011; 377: 1542.(史海涛 译)

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