病例分享:发热咳嗽治不好,元凶竟是脓肿灶

2017-09-19 张尧、金文婷 SIFIC感染官微

呼吸道感染是引起发热最常见的类型,但临床上不能只关注呼吸道症状而忽略其他部位感染的表现。本例发病初期即有尿路刺激征和尿常规异常,甚至CT提示肾脏低密度阴影,然仍被临床医生明显忽视了,当作肺部感染予以治疗。

一、病史简介

男,59岁,上海人;2016-2-14入院

主诉:发热、咳嗽10余天,腰痛伴呕吐1天

现病史:10余天前出现发热,38.5-39.5℃,发热前有畏寒寒战;伴咳嗽、少许白痰,稍感胸闷气急;有尿频尿痛,无腹痛腹胀、恶心呕吐等。

2016-2-4至当地医院就诊,血常规: WBC 8.96*10^9/L,N 70.2%;尿常规:Pro+,RBC12/HP,WBC10/HP;PSA 80.91 ng/ml;胸腹部CT:两肺纹理增多,右肾小结石可能,右肾区低密度灶和肾盂扩张。拟肺部感染予以磺苄西林钠抗感染及化痰、抗病毒治疗7天,患者体温平稳,2-12出院。

2-13突感右侧腰背部疼痛,绞痛样,伴恶心呕吐6次,伴尿急尿痛,无肉眼血尿,为进一步诊治收入我科。

既往史:既往体健,否认慢性病史和传染病史。



二、入院检查( 2016-2-14入院)

体格检查

T 39.4 ℃,P 96bpm,R 20bpm,BP 124/70mmHg  精神可,咽不红,浅表淋巴结未及肿大,心肺(-),腹平软,肝脾肋下未及,右肾区叩击痛(+),肠鸣音3次/分。

实验室检查

WBC 24.18X10^9/L,N 87.5%;

尿常规:WBC(±)、RBC(±)、Pro(+);

ESR 50mm/H;hsCRP 200.6mg/L;PCT 1.85ng/mL;铁蛋白706.7ng/mL;

血培养:阴性;

肺支原体抗体、G试验、GM试验、隐球菌荚膜抗原:阴性 ;

T-SPOT A/B: 0/0;病毒PCR:CMV-DNA、EBV-DNA(-);

肿瘤标志物:PSA 19.75ng/ml,fPSA 0.674ng/ml,PSA/fPSA 4%,AFP、CA199、CEA(-);

肝肾功能、自身抗体:阴性;

辅助检查

心电图、心超(-)。

腹部彩超:右肾上盏结石,右肾上盏积水。

三、临床分析

患者中年男性,急性病程,无明显诱因下出现高热,伴畏寒寒战、咳嗽、尿频尿急尿痛,抗感染治疗病情曾有好转;后再次出现发热,伴右侧腰背部绞痛、恶心呕吐。实验室检查提示炎症指标明显升高,尿WBC阳性。CT示右肾区低密度灶和肾盂扩张,邻近肾实质变薄。超声为“右肾上盏结石和积水”,而胸部CT未见明显渗出等活动病灶。查体右肾区叩击痛(+)。初步考虑以下疾病:

泌尿道感染:发热伴尿路刺激症状、右侧腰背痛、右肾区叩击痛(+)、尿WBC阳性,考虑泌尿道特别是上泌尿道感染;结合影像学检查见右肾低密度病灶,肾脓肿要高度怀疑。

呼吸道感染:患者有发热伴咳嗽咳痰症状,外院诊断“肺部感染”,并予抗感染治疗。但胸部CT未见明显异常,也无咽痛、扁桃体肿大等表现,故诊断依据不足。

胃肠道感染:患者病程中有一过性恶心呕吐,但在腰疼较剧烈时出现,且无腹痛腹泻等其他相关表现,故诊断依据不足。

其他:其他部位感染,无证据。患者PSA升高,影像学见右肾病灶,需除外肿瘤可能。

四、进一步检查、诊治过程和治疗反应

2-14 考虑上尿路感染,病情重,且先前外院抗感染治疗后再次高热,入院当天即予亚胺培南+万古霉素,以覆盖可能耐药的肠杆菌科细菌、葡萄球菌及肠球菌。2天后仍然高热,复查炎症标志物CRP、PCT和血WBC无下降。

2-16 CTU检查,提示“右肾上极结石、继发感染伴脓肿形成较囊肿可能大,伴肾周及右侧输尿管炎”。立即超声下行肾穿刺引流术,引出大量淡血性脓液。当晚体温降至正常。







2-18 复查WBC 5.61X10^9/L,CRP 119.3mg/l,PCT 0.81ng/ml,较穿刺前明显下降。引流液培养报告为“大肠埃希菌”生长。排除阳性球菌感染,故停用万古霉素,暂继续亚胺培南治疗。

2-20 大肠杆菌药敏结果:为产ESBL菌株。



2-22  因引流管脱落,复查超声仍提示右肾上盏结石伴积液,再次置管,引流液转清;

2-24  体温平,腰酸腰痛缓解。根据药敏停亚胺培南,改用左氧氟沙星抗感染治疗;

2-29  复查CTU:右肾病变较2-16明显好转;3-03  带管出院,改口服左氧氟沙星。

5-27  复查肾动静脉CT未见异常,重复肾不考虑,且治疗后感染好转,予拔管。





五、最后诊断与鉴别诊断

最后诊断:

1、肾脓肿:产ESBL大肠杆菌引起

2、肾结石

诊断依据:

急性起病,有发热、畏寒寒战、右侧腰背痛及尿路刺激症状,右肾区叩击痛(+),血炎症标志物明显升高,影像学检查提示右肾上极结石和右肾区低密度灶,局部穿刺引流出脓性液体,培养为大肠埃希菌(ESBL+),脓液引流和抗感染治疗后病情缓解,炎症指标转为正常,因此泌尿道感染(肾脓肿)诊断明确。

六、经验与体会

呼吸道感染是引起发热最常见的类型,但临床上不能只关注呼吸道症状而忽略其他部位感染的表现。本例发病初期即有尿路刺激征和尿常规异常,甚至CT提示肾脏低密度阴影,然仍被临床医生明显忽视了,当作肺部感染予以治疗。

肾脓肿是指局限于肾实质的脓性病灶,包括肾皮质和皮髓质的脓肿,是由上泌尿道感染局部蔓延或血流感染播散所致。尿路感染蔓延者,病原体以大肠杆菌最多见,还包括肠球菌、其他革兰阴性杆菌和念珠菌等。近年来耐药监测数据表明,引起泌尿道感染的大肠杆菌,约50%为产ESBL菌株,约60%对氟喹诺酮类耐药。此对重症感染的经验性药物选择,带来不小的挑战。本患者脓液培养确认为大肠杆菌,对三代头孢菌素耐药,但对氟喹诺酮类敏感,因此病情稳定后即改用左氧沙星口服治疗,获得满意疗效。

对于体积较大的脓肿性病灶,通常建议尽量做脓液引流。尽管有研究报道仅用抗生素治疗肾脓肿成功的病例,但这些病例的脓肿均较小;多数研究表明,介入治疗联合抗生素应用可改善患者预后。引流方法还有助于明确感染的病原体有利于对指导临床选择敏感抗菌药物。本例患者,入院后最初两天仅用抗感染治疗,效果不佳。穿刺引流后体温和炎症标志物短期内降至正常,再次说明引流脓液在化脓性感染治疗中的重要性。

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    2017-11-05 wjywjy
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    2017-09-21 hunizi009
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    2017-09-21 yfjms

    学习了

    0

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    2017-09-20 1201b1a4m10暂无昵称

    引流比抗生素作用更强大?

    0

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    2017-09-19 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

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