可手术食管癌综合治疗的研究进展

2017-03-08 佚名 环球医学

中国是食管癌的高发国家,据估算我国食管癌患者约占全世界食管癌患者的53.8%。2014年最新数据显示,我国食管癌的发病率和死亡率分别居恶性肿瘤的第5位和第4位,严重危害着我国人民的健康。



中国是食管癌的高发国家,据估算我国食管癌患者约占全世界食管癌患者的53.8%。2014年最新数据显示,我国食管癌的发病率和死亡率分别居恶性肿瘤的第5位和第4位,严重危害着我国人民的健康。

目前手术仍然是食管癌的首选治疗手段。尽管近10年来手术死亡率明显降低,但是多数患者在术后3年内出现进展,局部复发率及远处转移率高达40%~60%,5年生存率仅为20.6%~34.0%,这就需要积极寻找更加有效的治疗模式。

尸检证实临床上诊断为局限的食管癌,70%以上有广泛的淋巴结转移,50%以上有远地转移,这更加说明食管癌既是局部区域性疾病,又是全身性疾病,也就为联合应用局部(手术和放射治疗)和全身治疗(化疗)提供了理论基础。目前对于可切除食管癌的综合治疗模式主要包括新辅助治疗模式和辅助治疗模式。本文将对这一内容进行总结综述。

一、新辅助治疗模式

目前,食管癌新辅助治疗模式是临床研究的热点,已有高级别循证医学证据证明其有效性。新辅助治疗模式主要包括术前放疗、术前化疗及术前放化疗。

1. 术前放疗

在传统两维放疗年代,多项随机分组研究对比术前放疗联合手术与单纯手术治疗的疗效,结果均未显示术前放疗组有生存优势。一项包含了5项随机对照研究(RCT),共1147例患者(大多数为鳞癌)的Meta分析显示,术前放疗组死亡风险降低11%,5年生存绝对获益4%,两组间疗效差异倾向于有显着统计学意义(p=0.062)。术前放疗未能使患者总生存受益的原因,可能是传统的两维放疗不良反应较大,导致患者非肿瘤死亡率增加,抵消了放疗本身带来的生存优势。近期一项基于SEER数据库的回顾性分析显示,采用三维适形放疗为主的年代,无论是肿瘤特异性生存(CSS)还是总生存(OS),术前放疗组均显着优于单纯手术组(5y-CSS:41% vs 34%,HR=0.69,p<0.0001;5y-OS:34% vs 23%,HR=0.64,p<0.0001),多因素分析显示术前放疗是独立预后因素(CSS:HR=0.71;OS:HR=0.67)。综上,需进一步确定术前放疗在食管癌中的作用,但目前尚不常规推荐使用术前放疗。

2. 术前化疗

既往有多项研究比较术前化疗与单纯手术的疗效,但因化疗方案杂乱,结果亦不统一。两项大规模的RCT的结果也存在差异。RTOG8911的更新结果显示,术前化疗并未提高R0切除率(p=0.5137),且两组中位生存无显着差异(p=0.53)。而MRC OE02结果却显示出术前化疗的生存获益,术前化疗使肿瘤残存率显着降低(p<0.001),无病生存(DFS)和OS均显着优于单纯手术组(DFS:HR=0.82,p=0.003;OS:HR=0.84,p=0.03),且根据不同病理情况进行术前化疗对生存的分析显示,无论是鳞癌还是腺癌,术前化疗较单纯手术相比均能显着提高其生存。但在Gebski等的Meta分析中术前化疗仅能使食管腺癌(EAC)获得显着生存获益(p=0.014)。近年,一项纳入10项研究的Meta对比术前化疗+手术与单纯手术,术前化疗组的死亡风险低于单纯手术组(HR=0.87,95% CI 0.79~0.96,p=0.005),其中分别有3项和9项研究可进行EAC或食管鳞癌(ESCC)中术前化疗对生存的影响比较,结果同样显示在EAC中,术前化疗的加入可以显着提高患者生存(p=0.01),而与单纯手术相比,术前化疗并未显着提高ESCC生存(p=0.18)。综上所述,术前化疗对食管癌,尤其是ESCC的作用仍存在争议,且最优方案的确定也有待进一步研究。

3. 术前放化疗

目前术前放化疗已推荐为可切除食管癌的标准治疗,可显着改善其生存、R0切除率和pCR率,并可显着降低EAC和ESCC患者的死亡风险,且围手术期患病率和死亡率与单纯手术组无显着差别。

21世纪以来,已有多项荟萃分析对术前放化疗相较单纯手术在食管癌中的价值进行了研究。2003年Urschel等的Meta分析,共纳入9个随机对照试验,包含1116例患者,结果显示新辅助放化疗组显着提高了R0切除率(p=0.007),使21%的患者达到pCR,并显着提高3年OS(p=0.038)、降低局部区域复发率(p=0.0002),且并未增加治疗相关死亡(p=0.053),研究还显示术前同步比序贯放化疗有更明显获益。2007年Gebski等的Meta分析显示术前放化疗联合手术组较单纯手术组提高了患者的2年生存率13%,且EAC、ESCC均能显着获益(HR:0.84、0.75;p=0.04、0.02)[12]。Jin等[15]共纳入11项随机对照试验进行荟萃分析,结果显示术前放化疗组可以显着改善5年OS(p=0.02)、降低局部区域复发(p=0.04),并未增加手术并发症(p=0.32)和降低远处转移(p=0.73),但不同于Gebski等的结果,此项研究结果并未显示ESCC生存获益(5-OS:p=0.06)。2011年的两组荟萃分析亦均显示术前放化疗组的生存显着优于单纯手术组,R0切除率得到提高,且术后并发症并未显着增加,其中Sjoquist等对不同病理类型的生存获益进行了分析,结果显示无论对于ESCC还是EAC,术前放化疗都能显着改善总生存(HR=0.80,P=0.004;HR=0.75,P=0.02)。最新发表的荷兰CROSS随机分组研究显示,术前同步放化疗能够显着提高R0切除率(92% vs 69%,p<0.001),延长中位生存时间(49.4月vs 24.0月,p=0.003),使5年生存率的绝对值提高13%(47% vs 34%,p=0.003),亚组分析提示ESCC患者新辅助治疗后的生存获益更加显着,其死亡风险下降58%(p=0.007)。综上所述,IA级证据显示术前放化疗,尤其是术前同步放化疗与单纯手术相比显着改善食管癌患者生存、提高R0切除率,且并未增加术后并发症。

4. 术前化疗vs术前放化疗

在新辅助治疗模式中,相对于术前放疗,术前化疗和术前放化疗更有希望提高患者生存,目前也已有少量研究对比了这两种模式的疗效。

两项RCT和一项Meta分析直接对比了食管癌术前放化疗与术前化疗的疗效。Stahl等[18]的研究共入组126例EAC患者,结果显示术前放化疗组具有显着高的pCR率(15.6% vs 2%,p=0.03),虽3年生存优于术前化疗组,但未达统计学差异(47.4% vs 27.7,p=0.07)。另一项研究同样显示术前放化疗组可获得更高的pCR率(31% vs 8%,p=0.01),但生存并未有显着差异(p=0.83)。Sjoquist等的荟萃分析结果亦未发现两组的生存差异(HR=0.88,p=0.07)。但这些研究中入组病例多为EAC或胃食管交界处肿瘤,而针对ESCC术前化疗和术前放化疗的随机分组研究尚缺乏。

二、辅助治疗模式

目前我国可手术食管癌的初始治疗仍然以手术为主,所以明确术后综合治疗的价值在我国意义重大。在食管癌的综合治疗中,相对于新辅助治疗模式,辅助治疗目前尚缺乏高级别的循证医学证据,但部分研究也已初步证实了辅助治疗的有效性。辅助治疗模式主要包括术后放疗、术后化疗和术后放化疗。

1. 术后放疗

肖泽芬等前瞻性入组495例ESCC患者,随机分为单纯手术组和术后放疗组,两组手术并发症和5年OS均无显着差异,但后者区域淋巴结和吻合口复发率显着低,亚组分析发现对于Ⅲ期患者,术后放疗可显着提高5年OS(35.1% vs 13.1%,p=0.0027)。陆进成等对全球目前5组食管癌根治术后预防性放疗的随机研究进行了Meta分析,提出尚不能肯定其优劣性,但对于术后淋巴结阳性的患者进行预防性放疗可提高5年生存率。之后两项大样本的回顾性研究亦证明了术后放疗对选择性食管癌患者的价值。Chen等证明术后放疗对淋巴结阳性ESCC的作用,同时发现阳性淋巴结≥3个获益更加明显,且淋巴结区域位置亦会导致获益的差异。而Schreiber证明无论局部晚期ESCC或EAC,术后放疗均可显着提高其3年OS(p<0.001)。由此可见,术后放疗可能使有选择的食管癌患者获益。

2. 术后化疗

目前关于食管癌术后辅助化疗的随机分组研究较少,而多数研究结果显示其仅能提高DFS。JCOG9204显示术后化疗组和单纯手术组的5年OS无统计学差异(p=0.13),而两组5年DFS分别为55%和45%,差异具显着性(p=0.037),亚组分析发现淋巴结阳性患者行术后化疗能显着提高5年DFS(52% vs 38%,p=0.041)[24]。Lee等亦发现淋巴结阳性ESCC患者行术后化疗可使DFS获益(p=0.049)。最新的一项比较食管癌术后化疗和单纯手术的荟萃分析结果显示两组3年OS及DFS均无显着差异,而1年DFS差异具显着性(p=0.006),进一步分析发现对于Ⅲ-Ⅳ期和淋巴结阳性患者分别可以得到3年OS和5年DFS获益(p=0.00001、0.04)。

3. 术后放化疗

因食管癌是全身性疾病,手术和放疗仅为局部治疗手段,无法解决食管癌远转的问题,近年食管癌同步放化疗的疗效得到了肯定。但随着术前同步放化疗地位的确定,很少有术后同步放化疗的研究,然而在我国,大多数食管癌患者仍先接受手术,那么明确术后放化疗的作用及适用范围显得十分重要,目前ESCC中术后放化疗的价值亦有部分证据支持。

Rice等回顾性分析了局部晚期食管癌术后同步放化疗与单纯手术,结果发现术后同步放化疗可以延长生存时间和无复发生存时间,两组中位生存时间和无复发生存时间分别为28月、15月(p=0.05)和22月、10月(p=0.02),提出对这类患者应考虑行术后同步放化疗。国内学者将158例Ⅱ-Ⅲ期ESCC患者随机分为术后放化疗组和单纯手术组,两组并发症发生率相当,术后放化疗组的中位生存时间、5年生存率、中位无进展生存期和5年无进展生存率均显着优于单纯手术组,这提示术后合理应用放化疗可有效提高局部晚期ESCC患者生存。近期一项纳入7项临床研究的Meta分析结果显示,术后放化疗显着提高生存,术后放化疗组与非术后放化疗组相比,5年OS有统计学差异(OR:2.07,p=0.0002),术后放化疗组具有更低的局部区域复发,两组远处转移发生率相似。Lv等[30]将238例Ⅱ-Ⅲ期ESCC患者随机分为三组:术前同步放化疗组、术后同步放化疗组和单纯手术组,结果发现单纯手术组的OS及PFS均显着差于综合治疗组,但术前同步放化疗组和术前同步放化疗组的生存并无统计学差异,提示术后同步放化疗在ESCC综合治疗中的积极价值。

总之,放疗、化疗与手术治疗的综合治疗模式有望进一步改善可手术食管癌患者生存。目前术前同步放化疗已成为可手术食管癌的标准治疗。术后辅助治疗,尤其是术后放疗和术后同步放化疗对于初治先行手术的局部晚期食管癌患者具有重要价值。但对于综合治疗模式以及适应症的恰当选择,尤其在保证治疗疗效的同时尽量减轻治疗副作用,提高患者生存同时尽量保证其生活质量尤为重要。

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    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-04-27 扬州国信商标

    新的进展,学习了

    0

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    2017-03-22 cuiyejia

    万万没想到,学习了。

    0

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    2017-03-13 cuiyejia

    好东西,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-03-11 1e0ece0dm09(暂无匿称)

    谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-03-10 zhouqu_8

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