Nature:一勺血液中的生命秘密

2017-04-09 Claire Ainsworth Nature

生命来自一个谜。在母亲看不见的子宫内,30亿个DNA代码在短短的40周内转变为一个三维的机体。在这一过程中,胎儿的眼睛、大脑、心脏、手指、脚趾一丝不苟地在时空上协调一致。生物学家已经拼凑了这个谜题的一部分,但很多空缺仍然存在。现在,一系列分子技术为科学家如何填补这些空缺提供了吸引人的方法。阅读和理解胎儿遗传物质信息方法的提高,正在发现大量与人类发育有关的基因,让科学家得以聆听胎儿诞生之前基因活


生命来自一个谜。在母亲看不见的子宫内,30亿个DNA代码在短短的40周内转变为一个三维的机体。在这一过程中,胎儿的眼睛、大脑、心脏、手指、脚趾一丝不苟地在时空上协调一致。生物学家已经拼凑了这个谜题的一部分,但很多空缺仍然存在。

现在,一系列分子技术为科学家如何填补这些空缺提供了吸引人的方法。阅读和理解胎儿遗传物质信息方法的提高,正在发现大量与人类发育有关的基因,让科学家得以聆听胎儿诞生之前基因活动的“嗡嗡”声。他们能够看到关键时刻哪些基因开关被打开或关闭,了解环境如何滋养或妨碍这一过程。

发育工作

探查胎儿发育自然而然地是从DNA——生命的秘诀开始。下一代DNA测序技术的到来正在改变这一领域。现在,通过全部或部分基因组测序寻找罕见遗传疾病的原因已经相对容易。此前,大多数研究解析的是出生后的基因组。现在,研究人员正在推动用同样的方法探测子宫内的胎儿,提高他们向准父母提供的诊断和预测结果的精确性。

英国剑桥大学惠康信托桑格研究院遗传学家Matthew Hurles和同事正在分析用超声波发现的1000名胎儿的结构异常。该团队正在利用来自胎儿、母亲和父亲的细胞,对携带生成蛋白指令的1%~2%的基因组以及更小子集的全部基因组进行测序,来识别紊乱背后的遗传学。

研究人员还希望更进一步利用来自母体的血液检测胎儿的全部基因组。这将会让他们获得几乎胎儿发育所有阶段的DNA,包括健康婴儿以及可能存在缺陷的婴儿。

他们表示,这种方法具有现实性。在原则上,它们能够检测出DNA序列中可能导致遗传疾病的单个变异,从而具备发现此前研究中未曾发现的一些暗示发育紊乱的变异。目前,若干开展该技术的公司已经成立。

但在将这种最新技术用于实验室或临床时仍有障碍需要克服。其中之一是成本。全基因组测序价格日益降低,但研究人员通常需要进行反复检测,以提高其结果的确定性。研究人员认为这一路障不会永远存在。“这里有工作需要完成,但从技术角度来讲,它并不是不能解决的问题。” 西雅图华盛顿大学遗传学家Jay Shendure说。

解释测序结果将是另一个棘手问题。并非所有DNA变异会导致紊乱。也就是说,即便有人携带突变,科学家也不能确定它一定会导致疾病。

完整转录物

DNA是人类发育的开端。研究人员渴望了解随着胎儿成长,基因组中的指令如何在时间和空间上得到部署,如何在存在疾病时出现错误。很多人因此聚焦研究分子核糖核酸(RNA)——细胞用来复制及行使DNA指令的一套既定组织。这带来了新挑战。RNA分解非常快,与DNA相比,它更难研究,尤其是在设法从母体中了解胎儿的RNA产物或 转录组时。

为了简化这一过程,马里兰州贝斯达国家儿童健康和人类发展研究所主任、临床遗传学家Diana Bianchi,开始研究羊水的转录组,其中含有来自胎儿和胎盘的自由流动的RNA。

Bianchi的大多数工作聚焦被染色体异常影响的胎儿羊水液体样本,如唐氏综合症(拥有一个多余的染色体21)和爱德华氏症候群(拥有多余的染色体18)。 她发现整个基因组序列中的基因活动都会出现异常,而不仅仅是多出的染色体,即便是大脑发育需要的基因也是如此。她还发现,患有唐氏综合症胎儿的细胞出现了 由新陈代谢副产物导致的损伤,这一现象被称为氧化应激。这提高了在子宫中治疗胎儿,减轻与唐氏综合症相关的认知能力损伤的可能性。

Bianchi和该领域的其他人正在寻找获得胎儿RNA更详细信息的非侵入性方法。一种叫作RNA-seq的下一代DNA测序技术揭示了复杂的转录组,并对每个RNA种类作出了更精确的量化。

研究人员表示这种方法是可行的。现在,他们正在探寻能够了解与胎盘等妊娠状况相关的的转录组,如胎盘的问题导致母亲出现危险的高血压

环境影响

这一谜题的第三块拼图是子宫中的状况如何影响胎儿发育。一直以来,研究人员知道这一微妙时期的环境暴露会影响个人一生的健康。例如,那些母亲在怀孕期间吸烟的人在子宫内生长地更慢,而且发展出呼吸疾病和肥胖症的几率也更高,研究表明吸烟会改变胎盘的转录组。

环境发挥类似效应的一个渠道是通过改变包裹基因组的DNA和蛋白的化学标记,从而在不改变DNA序列的情况下改变基因的活动。这些“表观遗传”标记的最佳研究是甲基化群体,被加入或从DNA中去除后,能够提高或静默基因活性。研究人员正在用微数列以及亚硫酸盐测序法揭示母亲血液和胎儿样全基因组中的甲基化模式。

其中包括必不可少的胎盘。加拿大温哥华英属哥伦比亚大学发育生物学家Wendy Robinson说,每三个月最显着的变化是与免疫系统功能相关的基因,它可能反映了胎盘作为母亲免疫细胞和胎儿之间调节者的角色。

研究人员渴望了解怀孕状态下以及经过吸烟等环境侵扰之后DNA甲基化的变化。中国香港中文大学临床和遗传学家、第一个在母亲血液中发现胎儿DNA的人卢煜明的团队已经发现,可以在血液样本中对胎儿DNA进行亚硫酸盐测序。不过,Robinson表示,由于解开环境和表观遗传学之间的连系非常复杂,因为很难对样本做出确定性的结论。为此,研究人员正在聚焦胎盘问题的研究。

棘手的伦理

科学家和生物伦理学家表示,所有这些技术前景带来的问题都会或早或晚地引发争论,这不仅是因为对市场上已经存在的无创产前基因检测(NIPT)的顾虑。这些检测发展地非常快,从2011年开始商业化之后,针对缺失或多出染色体的NIPT现在已被用于至少90个国家。已经有数百万女性接受了相关检测。

Bianchi表示,非整倍体NITP已经产生明显提升。从全球看,它已经使羊膜穿刺术等侵入性检测减少了70%,该方法会产生流产风险。但她表示,NIPT并不能可靠地检测到性染色体非整倍体。尽管如此,一些女性已经选择参考NIPT结果,终止妊娠。类似的担忧已经让若干学会就如何向患者提出建议发表了立场声明。

研 究人员说,女性不仅需要为胎儿的检测结果做准备,还需要为其他未曾预料到的结果做准备。在若干案例中,非侵入性胎儿检测发现怀孕女性患有未曾诊断出的癌症 和狼疮等疾病。医学专家建议,临床医师需要就把什么告诉病人做准备,即便是以光速向前发展的发明和发现超过了他们的解释发现的能力。

Shendure说,往往人们很难在知情权和告知DNA变异的潜在危害中做出权衡,特别是当科学家不能确定一个变异会产生什么样的结果时。“它会变得非常棘手。” Shendure说。

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    2017-04-12 tofsw

    学习了谢谢分享

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    2017-07-02 liye789132251
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    2017-04-11 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-04-11 daiyaozu

    学习了

    0

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    2017-04-10 shaosai

    好好学习,涨知识

    0

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    2017-04-10 jin321

    筛查更重要

    0

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    2017-04-10 刘煜

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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