Microbiome:肠道微生物“绑架”神经系统影响情绪!

2017-08-28 茨木 vironia 转化医学网

情绪是人脑的高级功能,保证着有机体的生存和适应,对个体的学习、记忆、决策有着重要的影响。情绪也是个体差异的来源,是许多个性特征和心理病理的关键成分。一直以来,情绪的研究都离不开大脑神经系统。现在,越来越多的研究表明,肠道微生物能够影响宿主的大脑和行为,甚至诱发精神疾患。

情绪是人脑的高级功能,保证着有机体的生存和适应,对个体的学习、记忆、决策有着重要的影响。情绪也是个体差异的来源,是许多个性特征和心理病理的关键成分。一直以来,情绪的研究都离不开大脑神经系统。现在,越来越多的研究表明,肠道微生物能够影响宿主的大脑和行为,甚至诱发精神疾患。

01 肠道微生物绑架了神经系统

根据既往美国哥伦比亚大学迈克尔·格尔森在《科学美国人》杂志上发表的文章可以得出:控制人类以及某些哺乳动物情感的五羟色胺、多巴胺以及多让人情绪愉快的激素,95%是在肠道里面合成的。因此,情绪的很大部分受肠道神经系统影响。

此外,通过1981年~2013年期间发表的120份关于肠道菌群研究研究者们所得出:肠道微生物能够修改迷走神经中的神经信号,改变味觉接收器,通过释放化学物质让我们在精神上感到愉悦或苦闷,以达到操控宿主行为和情绪的目的。

因此,科学家们预测,建立良好的肠道微生物平衡将是日后治疗情绪相关疾病的一个关注点。

02 miRNA进入研究视野

近日,爱尔兰Cork大学APC微生物研究所的人员在研究中发现,在缺乏肠道微生物的小鼠大脑中,miRNA的数量发生了显着的变化,这些在无菌环境中长大的小鼠在行为上也表现出了异常的焦虑、抑郁;社交和认知能力也出现了极大的缺陷。相关研究发表在了微生物组学/菌群领域顶级期刊《Microbiome》上。


文章作者Gerard Clarke博士表示:“肠道微生物似乎会影响小鼠杏仁核和前额叶皮层中miRNA的表达,这具有非常重大的意义,因为这些miRNA对中枢神经系统的功能和重要脑区正常的生理过程发挥着关键的作用,而杏仁核和前额叶皮层又与焦虑和抑郁的产生有着紧密的联系。”

03 药物治疗面临诸多挑战

miRNA,即microRNA,是一类控制基因表达的短核苷酸序列。其功能障碍被认为是造成压力相关精神障碍,神经变性疾病和神经发育异常的潜在原因。此前已有研究发现,大脑中miRNA的变化与焦虑行为有关。

Clarke博士表示:“虽然借助调整大脑中的miRNA可能有助于精神障碍疾病的治疗,但想要实现目前却面临着几个重要的挑战:研究人员必须开发出能够穿过血脑屏障且安全稳定的药物,同时,研究人员也需要开发出能精确的大脑定位系统以使这些药物发挥作用,这些都具有相当大的难度!然而我们的最新研究则表明,或许我们可以通过影响肠道菌群来间接调控大脑中miRNA的表达。”

研究人员发现,与正常小鼠相比,不含肠道菌群的小鼠杏仁核103种miRNA的表达水平发生变化,前额皮质31种miRNA的表达水平发生变化。而在这些小鼠的饲料中添加了相应菌群后,小鼠前额皮质/杏仁核中的miRNA的水平则恢复正常。

04  肠道菌群或成焦虑治疗关键

研究结果表明,健康的微生物菌群对于相应脑区的miRNA调控至关重要。虽然先前的研究已经表明肠道微生物菌群能够在一定程度上影响焦虑行为,但这项研究第一次将肠道微生物菌群与杏仁核以及前额皮质中的miRNA相关联。


基于NGS技术,研究人员对正常小鼠肠道微生物菌群进行了准确鉴定。他们发现经过抗生素杀灭肠道菌群的成年大鼠与本来就不含肠道微生物的小鼠相比,miRNA所产生的变化几乎相同。这表明即使早年拥有健康的肠道微生物菌群,在成年生活中微生物菌群发生变化依然会通过miRNA影响到焦虑相关行为的产生。

Clarke博士最后表示:“虽然这是一项早期研究,但是通过调节肠道微生物来靶向调节脑部的miRNA水平治疗精神疾病将拥有不可限量的前景。”
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    2018-02-11 pyaili
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    2017-09-17 sunylz
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    2017-12-23 xjy02
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    2017-09-09 sunfeifeiyang

    菌群治疗焦虑.期待结果

    0

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