Cell重大突破:“诺奖得主”青蒿素或可治疗糖尿病!

2016-12-03 佚名 生物探索

Immunofluorescence image of sectioned human islets treated with 10 mM artemether co-stained for nuclei (blue), ARX (white), glucagon (red) and C-peptide (green). Credit: Cell Press/Stefan Kubicek, CeM



Immunofluorescence image of sectioned human islets treated with 10 mM artemether co-stained for nuclei (blue), ARX (white), glucagon (red) and C-peptide (green). Credit: Cell Press/Stefan Kubicek, CeMM

目前,糖尿病已成为全球最严重的公共卫生问题之一。据国际糖尿病联盟去年公布的数据显示,2015年全球成年糖尿病患者数量已达4.15亿。胰岛素的绝对和相对缺乏以及胰高血糖素信号通路的过度活化是导致糖尿病的两个主要原因。

两类关键细胞

正常人血糖浓度的调控主要是由胰岛素和胰高血糖素这两个激素在多个层次相互制约而实现的。由胰岛β细胞产生的胰岛素促进血糖的吸收,从而降低血糖浓度;而由胰岛α细胞产生的胰高血糖素通过肝脏进行内源血糖的合成,升高血糖。在胰岛中,胰岛素和胰高血糖素会根据血糖的浓度相互制约对方的分泌,从而达到血糖浓度的稳定。

用能够分泌胰岛素的新细胞取代患者体内被破坏的β细胞有望成为治愈1型糖尿病一种简单的策略。多年来,为了实现这一点,全球各国的研究人员利用干细胞或成熟细胞尝试了多种方法。值得注意的是,先前有研究表明,当β细胞极度缺失时,α细胞能够补充胰岛素产生细胞。在这一转换过程中,表观遗传调控分子Arx被鉴定为关键分子。

青蒿素的惊喜发现

12月1日,在线发表于Cell杂志上的一项研究中(论文题目:Artemisinins Target GABAA Receptor Signaling and Impair α Cell Identity),来自奥地利科学院CeMM分子医学研究中心等机构的科学家发现,摘得2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的青蒿素能够实现α细胞向β细胞的转变,为糖尿病治疗带来了新的惊喜。

由我国药学家屠呦呦和她的团队研制出的青蒿素药物至今仍然是世界范围内最主要的抗疟药物,成功挽救了数百万人的生命。

在这一研究中,利用一种特别设计的、全自动化的分析,科学家们检测了大量已批准药物对人工培养的α细胞的作用。结果发现,青蒿素改变了α细胞的表观遗传程序,诱导这些细胞的生化功能发生了重要的改变。

作用机制

该研究的通讯作者Stefan Kubicek说:“调控转录因子Arx参与调节了对α细胞功能至关重要的许多基因。合作者先前的研究表明,敲除Arx会导致α细胞转化为β细胞。”然而,科学家们只是在活体模式生物中观察到了这一效果。是否周围细胞(甚至远处器官)的其它因素也发挥了作用完全是未知的。

为了排除这些因素,Kubicek的研究小组与诺和诺德(糖尿病巨头)Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen的小组合作,设计了特殊的α和β细胞系,从所处环境中分离出它们后进行分析。研究证明,Arx缺失足以赋予α细胞新“身份”,并不依赖于机体的影响。

借助这些细胞系,通过测试化合物库,研究人员发现,青蒿素与Arx缺失产生了相同的作用。接着,科学家们开始探索青蒿素重塑α细胞这一作用背后的分子模型。结果证实,青蒿素结合了一个称为gephyrin的蛋白。Gephyrin能够激活细胞信号的主要开关——GABA受体。随后,无数的生物化学反应发生变化,导致了胰岛素的产生。

同期另一篇Cell

同日,发表在Cell上的另一项研究(论文题目:Long-Term GABA Administration Induces Alpha Cell-Mediated Beta-like Cell Neogenesis)表明,在小鼠模型中,注射GABA也能导致α细胞转化为β细胞,表明两种物质靶向了相同的机制。这一研究的通讯作者Patrick Collombat是上述青蒿素论文的共同作者。

展望

除了细胞系试验,青蒿素也在模式生物中展现了这一效果。青蒿素给药的糖尿病斑马鱼、小鼠以及大鼠β细胞量增加了,且血糖内稳态有所改善。由于青蒿素在鱼类、啮齿动物和人类中的分子靶点非常相似,因此青蒿素对α细胞的作用也可能在人类中发生。

Stefan Kubicek说:“当然,青蒿素的长期作用需要进一步测试。人类α细胞的再生能力还是未知的。此外,新的β细胞必须不受免疫系统的攻击。但我们相信,青蒿素的发现以及它们的作用模型可以为开发1型糖尿病的全新疗法奠定基础。

原始出处

Medicalxpress:Breakthrough in diabetes research: Cells produce insulin upon artemisinin treatment

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    2017-08-03 维他命
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    2016-12-05 wumeihua90
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    2016-12-03 我是林下之夕

    哎呦呦,不得了

    0

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    2016-12-03 chenxh201314

    祖国医学博大精深

    0

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