多不饱和脂肪酸好处多多?谁吃&吃谁都有讲究!还可升高2型糖尿病风险!

2022-03-24 LILYMED MedSci原创

Diabetol Metab Syndr.:成人多不饱和脂肪酸摄入和2型糖尿病的发病率:队列研究的剂量反应荟萃分析

2型糖尿病(T2D)占所有糖尿病病例的90-95%,是一种复杂的代谢紊乱,其特征在于胰岛素分泌不足和胰岛素抵抗(IR)引起的高血糖。据估计,全球T2D患病率将从2000年的1.71亿人增加到2030年的3.66亿人,这将对整体健康产生破坏性影响。T2D会增加糖尿病相关并发症的风险,包括心血管疾病、肾病、视网膜病变、微血管病和过早死亡,从而导致高昂的医疗费用。因此,了解与T2D发生率相关的因素对预防和减少T2D不良结局可能是必要的。

流行病学和临床试验证据表明,饮食在预防或发展T2D方面起着重要作用。目前,建议采用总脂肪和动物脂肪含量低、植物脂肪含量高的饮食来预防T2D。先前的一项研究表明,富含不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)的饮食,如地中海饮食模式,可能会阻止T2D的发展。多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)是UFA的一种分类,美国糖尿病协会已推荐其预防T2D。但不同剂量的PUFA摄入量与T2D的发病率之间是否存在关系,以及存在何种关系,需要明确。

本文旨在评估T2D和PUFA摄入的关联和剂量反应关系。此外,本研究还进行了关于性别、地理位置、随访持续时间和PUFA分类的亚组分析,以进一步探讨PUFA摄入量与成人T2D发病率之间的关系。

本研究最终纳入25篇文章,包括54,000名患者。纳入研究的文献检索策略如图1所示。

1.PUFA摄入量和T2D发病率

异质性检验显示I2 = 68.2%,采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果表明,PUFA总摄入量不能被认为与T2D的发展有关(RR: 1.012, 95% CI 0.992 ~ 1.032, P = 0.246)(表3)。

基于性别亚组,总PUFA摄入量会增加女性T2D的发病率(I2= 77.1%,RR:1.049,95% CI 1.019 - 1.079,P = 0.001),同时降低男性T2D的发病率(I2= 62.2%, RR: 0.955, 95% CI 0.913 至 0.999, P = 0.044)。

当涉及地理位置时,总PUFA摄入量与欧洲(I2= 54.8%,RR:1.040,95%CI 1.009至1.072,P = 0.012)和澳大利亚(I2= 0.0%, RR: 1.188, 95% CI 1.113 至 1.269, P < 0.001)T2D发病率增加有关。然而,PUFA的总摄入量降低了亚洲T2D的发病率(I2= 45.4%, RR: 0.897, 95% CI 0.860 至 0.936, P < 0.001)。

基于随访持续时间的亚组分析表明,当随访持续时间<10年时,PUFA总摄入量与T2D之间没有关联(I2= 38.4%,RR:0.999,95%CI 0.968至1.031,P = 0.942),≥10年亦然(I2= 79.2%, RR: 1.016, 95% CI 0.991 至 1.042, P = 0.200)。

基于PUFA类型的亚组分析表明,ω-3 PUFA(I2= 69.0%, RR: 1.028, 95% CI 0.987 至 1.070, P = 0.183), 欧米茄-6 PUFA (I2= 60.7%,RR:0.985,95%CI 0.942至1.030,P = 0.511),ALA(I2= 59.2%, RR: 1.003, 95% CI 0.966 至 1.041, P = 0.887), EPA (I2= 64.9%,RR:1.078,95%CI 0.965至1.203,P = 0.183)和AA(I2= 92.5%,RR:1.286,95%CI 0.964至1.716,P = 0.087)T2D发病率均不相关。DHA的摄入与T2D发病率相关(I2= 61.4%,RR:1.164,95%CI 1.048至1.294,P = 0.005)。

然而,在摄入 LA 时观察到较低的 T2D 发病率(I2= 40.4%, RR: 0.956, 95% CI 0.930 至 0.983, P = 0.001)。

2.PUFA与T2D发病率的剂量反应关系

本研究发现PUFA与T2D发病率之间没有线性关联。因此,总结了不同类型的PUFA对T2D发病率的非线性剂量反应。剂量-反应关系呈随累积的ω-3 PUFA摄入量增加而呈非线性趋势递增(P非线性< 0.001)(图2a),而总PUFA,ω-6 PUFA,ALA,LA摄入量和T2D发病率之间没有显着的非线性关联。当EPA摄入量在110~150 mg/d之间时,观察到T2D发病率的非线性趋势增加(P非线性= 0.023),之后曲线略有下降,保持接近于无关联(图2b)。当DHA摄入量为200~300 mg/d时,T2D风险最高,剂量-反应关联有统计学意义(P非线性= 0.040) (图2c)。

综上,本研究发现ω-3 PUFA和DHA摄入量与T2D发病率具有非线性剂量反应关系。此外,亚组分析表明,在欧洲和澳大利亚,PUFA的总摄入量与T2D发病率增加有关,而与亚洲的发病率降低有关。就PUFA类型而言,DHA摄入量与T2D发生率升高相关,而LA则与T2D发生率降低相关。此外,总PUFA的摄入会增加女性T2D的发生率,而降低男性T2D的发生率。然而,摄入多不饱和脂肪酸与T2D发生率之间没有线性关系。

然而,还应考虑这项研究的潜在局限性。异质性和潜在的发表偏倚可能会影响该荟萃分析的结果。来自不同来源的PUFA在多大程度上影响T2D发展仍然未知。在本研究中,尚不清楚PUFA摄入量的来源是食物还是补充剂,PUFA的来源与T2D之间的关系需要在未来阐明。

 

原文来源:

Hu M, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in adults: a dose response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14(1):34. Published 2022 Mar 3. doi:10.1186/s13098-022-00804-1

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    2022-03-24 ms7000001906418137

    学习

    0

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    2022-03-25 ms7000001906418137

    合理选择,适量应用

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    2022-03-24 14700d17m84暂无昵称

    学习

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