Cell Rep:miRNAs,细胞沟通的语言

2014-09-04 佚名 生物通

来自洛桑联邦理工学院(EPFL)生命科学学院ISREC研究所的研究人员,解译了一些microRNAs保留于细胞中,而另一些microRNAs被分泌、传送给邻近细胞的机制。这项研究发表在8月21日的《细胞》(Cell)杂志上。细胞通过许多途径来彼此通讯。一种重要的方式是,细胞释放一些信号分子与其他细胞表面上表达的受体相结合,启动特异的反应。在另一些状况下,细胞释放的是装着一种或几种信号分子的小囊泡;

来自洛桑联邦理工学院(EPFL)生命科学学院ISREC研究所的研究人员,解译了一些microRNAs保留于细胞中,而另一些microRNAs被分泌、传送给邻近细胞的机制。




细胞通过许多途径来彼此通讯。一种重要的方式是,细胞释放一些信号分子与其他细胞表面上表达的受体相结合,启动特异的反应。在另一些状况下,细胞释放的是装着一种或几种信号分子的小囊泡;其他的细胞可与这些小囊泡融合或是摄取它们纳入其内容物。外来体(Exosomes)是几乎所有细胞类型都会生成的小囊泡(又称作微泡)。

在释放到如细胞间隙、血液或其他体液等细胞外环境中后,外来体可与邻近或远离的细胞融合,它们将功能分子货物传递至这些细胞。值得注意的是,外来体中不仅包含像蛋白质和肽一类的常规信号分子,也包含如RNAs和DNA片段一类的核酸,将遗传信号水平地从一个细胞传递至另一个细胞。

在细胞内生成的调控因子

microRNAs是一类通过直接调节其他的RNA分子——信使RNAs (mRNAs)的稳定性,来调控细胞行为的小RNA分子。mRNAs是所有细胞蛋白质的前体。每种细胞类型可以生成数十种的功能性microRNAs。它们有可能通过靶向成百上千的mRNAs,精细调控了细胞总体的蛋白质产量。
近期的一些研究证实,microRNAs和其他的分子一起被装入外来体内,由许多不同的细胞类型分泌到细胞外环境中。这一研究发现表明了一种细胞通讯新机制,其与外来体microRNAs能够“重编程”纳入它们的细胞的基因表达相关。例如,一些内化的microRNAs可以影响细胞生成某些蛋白质的能力,转而影响细胞的功能和行为。

分选microRNAs

有意思的是,外来体的microRNA成分有可能不同于生成细胞中的microRNA成分。事实上,一些在细胞中十分丰富的microRNA种类在外来体中稀少,反之亦然。这一结果表明,将一些特异的microRNAs分选到外来体中有可能受到了积极地调控,但目前对于潜在的机制尚不清楚。

得到SNSF的资金资助,Michele De Palma和洛桑联邦理工学院以及洛桑大学瑞士生物信息学研究所(SIB)的同事们,现在鉴别出了一种可以解释microRNAs差异性纳入到外来体中的机制。

通过RNA测序以及对数据进行生物信息学建模,研究人员发现将microRNAs分选至外来体受到生成这些microRNAs的细胞中它们靶向的mRNAs丰度的直接调控。当细胞中一种特定microRNA的靶mRNAs提高时,这一microRNA则更有可能保留在细胞中,而被排除在外来体之外。与之相反,如果mRNA水平下降,这一microRNA则会被装入到外来体中并被分泌出去。这些结果表明了,通过外来体分泌microRNAs,是在microRNAs超过靶mRNAs的情况下,细胞快速处理这些microRNAs的一种机制。
该研究的主要作者Mario Leonardo Squadrito说:“这看似是一个非常直观和简单的机制。但调查microRNAs和它们靶转录物之间的相互干扰确实具有挑战性,需要进行复杂的生物信息学分析。”

作者们还利用了他们开发的慢病毒载体,在细胞中特异性地导入或除去一些选择性的microRNAs或它们的靶mRNAs。“这些实验对于阐明响应RNA水平的变化,一些microRNAs从细胞质动态运输至外来体的机制至关重要,”Squadrito说。

生物标志物

人们日益认识到,包含在循环外来体中的microRNAs是疾病以及治疗反应的一些潜在生物标记物。De Palma和同事们的研究发现不仅鉴别出了调控microRNA分选至外来体的一个通用机制,还帮助理解了循环外来体中的一些microRNA标记自细胞内产生的机制。

例如,罹患某些癌症类型的患者他们的血液中显示某些特异的microRNA标记,或许反映了肿瘤中已改变、并有可能正在演化的mRNA(和蛋白质)表达谱。研究的另一个重要领域是,分析细胞纳入外来体后一些microRNAs的命运。

研究的另一位主要作者Caroline Baer解释说:“尽管我们的研究结果表明,大部分的内化microRNAs有可能被降解,我们利用了一些敏感的新技术证实,在靶细胞中它们保留了调控基因表达的能力。细胞生成了大量的装有microRNAs的外来体是这个故事迷人的一面。如果不同类型及起源的细胞能够有效地交换这种遗传信息,它们的边界一定没有我们过去认为的那样严密。”

原始出处:

Squadrito ML1, Baer C1, Burdet F2, Maderna C1, Gilfillan GD3, Lyle R3, Ibberson M2, De Palma M4.Endogenous RNAs Modulate MicroRNA Sorting to Exosomes and Transfer to Acceptor Cells.Cell Rep. 2014 Aug 20. pii: S2211-1247(14)00619-6. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.035. [pdf free]

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    2015-07-05 dzx0922889
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1868894, encodeId=b6bf186889487, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Mar 22 14:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1930396, encodeId=047e1930396e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=22f61180211' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#miR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11802, encryptionId=22f61180211, topicName=miR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Sun Jun 14 11:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005409, encodeId=4dd4200540970, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d09f155461e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RNAs#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15546, encryptionId=d09f155461e, topicName=RNAs)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05a2499, createdName=dzx0922889, createdTime=Sun Jul 05 08:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959139, encodeId=5b0b1959139ae, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Feb 11 08:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1312262, encodeId=56641312262c8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5571193321' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#miRNA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11933, encryptionId=e5571193321, topicName=miRNA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e87d405, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Sat Sep 06 06:52:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418149, encodeId=9a27141814937, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a4719180605' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#语言#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91806, encryptionId=a4719180605, topicName=语言)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c16b3335392, createdName=yangjxjc, createdTime=Sat Sep 06 06:52:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1573448, encodeId=a45e15e3448a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfa41194855' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#miRNAs#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11948, encryptionId=cfa41194855, topicName=miRNAs)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=303215877043, createdName=30397609, createdTime=Sat Sep 06 06:52:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-02-11 维他命
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1868894, encodeId=b6bf186889487, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Mar 22 14:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1930396, encodeId=047e1930396e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=22f61180211' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#miR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11802, encryptionId=22f61180211, topicName=miR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Sun Jun 14 11:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005409, encodeId=4dd4200540970, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d09f155461e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RNAs#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15546, encryptionId=d09f155461e, topicName=RNAs)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05a2499, createdName=dzx0922889, createdTime=Sun Jul 05 08:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959139, encodeId=5b0b1959139ae, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Feb 11 08:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1312262, encodeId=56641312262c8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5571193321' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#miRNA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11933, encryptionId=e5571193321, topicName=miRNA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e87d405, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Sat Sep 06 06:52:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418149, encodeId=9a27141814937, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a4719180605' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#语言#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91806, encryptionId=a4719180605, topicName=语言)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c16b3335392, createdName=yangjxjc, createdTime=Sat Sep 06 06:52:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1573448, encodeId=a45e15e3448a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfa41194855' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#miRNAs#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11948, encryptionId=cfa41194855, topicName=miRNAs)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=303215877043, createdName=30397609, createdTime=Sat Sep 06 06:52:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-09-06 Homburg
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    2014-09-06 yangjxjc
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    2014-09-06 30397609

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