Hepatology:采用iPS细胞模型揭示丙戊酸诱发肝毒性机理

2015-02-08 李洁尉 黄博纯 中国科学报

1月20日,国际著名学术期刊Hepatology(《肝脏》)在线发表了中科院广州生物医药与健康研究院刘兴国研究组的最新研究成果“Valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in alpers syndrome is associated with mPTP opening dependent apoptotic sensitivity in an iPSC mo

1月20日,国际著名学术期刊Hepatology(《肝脏》)在线发表了中科院广州生物医药与健康研究院刘兴国研究组的最新研究成果“Valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in alpers syndrome is associated with mPTP opening dependent apoptotic sensitivity in an iPSC model”。该研究以病人的诱导多能干细胞及分化获得的肝样细胞为模型,阐明了丙戊酸诱发Alpers-Huttenlocher综合征肝毒性的机理,并建立相应的候选药物筛选策略。这是首次利用iPS技术建立遗传特异的毒理学模型。 

线粒体相关肝病分遗传原发性和后天继发性两类,是急性肝功能衰竭的最重要原因,至今没有有效的治疗方法。其中,Alpers-Huttenlocher综合征是线粒体特异性DNA聚合酶POLG突变导致的一种严重的遗传性神经代谢疾病,临床常有难治性癫痫等神经疾病症状。丙戊酸是一种广谱抗癫痫的药物,它对治疗癫痫具有良好的效果。但使用丙戊酸对Alpers-Huttenlocher综合征病人进行治疗时,经常会导致病人急性肝衰竭(约1/3的病人服用丙戊酸3个月发生肝衰竭),造成这一临床现象的机制一直未阐明。 

刘兴国研究组将iPS技术应用到Alpers-Huttenlocher综合征中,首次实现该病成纤维细胞的重编程,获得了诱导多能干细胞,并进一步分化为肝样细胞。研究人员通过分析肝样细胞的表型和线粒体形态以及功能的变化,发现病人特异来源的肝细胞线粒体存在形态、能量合成、线粒体DNA含量的缺陷,与正常人来源的肝样细胞进行比较,使用丙戊酸处理后,更容易发生凋亡。研究员进一步研究发现,这种凋亡的敏感性是与线粒体通透性孔道mPTP相关,病人细胞mPTP的异常开放频率导致了“超氧炫”现象的发生,并且使用mPTP特异性抑制剂可以减少因丙戊酸导致病人细胞的凋亡。 

该研究在细胞水平阐明了丙戊酸诱发Alpers-Huttenlocher综合症肝毒性的机理,也为解决这一临床难题提供了靶点和候选药物筛选策略。此外,该研究首次将iPS技术应用到遗传特异的临床药物毒性中,是这类临床问题的成功范例。本研究得到了中科院、科技部、国家自然科学基金、广东省及广州市的经费支持。


基于诱导多能干细胞的Alpers-Huttenlocher 综合征(AHS)丙戊酸肝毒性机理研究


Alpers-Huttenlocher 综合征(AHS)丙戊酸肝毒性的线粒体机理

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    2015-02-16 windmilL1989

    已阅

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    2015-02-10 chengjn
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    2015-02-10 gwc384
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805350, encodeId=6d40180535019, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e078e79331a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞模型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77933, encryptionId=e078e79331a, topicName=细胞模型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21e5394, createdName=yeaweam, createdTime=Fri Apr 17 19:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15862, encodeId=17a61586256, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377719, encodeId=1a0913e771970, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b810004ce' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10004, encryptionId=17b810004ce, topicName=iPS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=69cb413, createdName=chengjn, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1426602, encodeId=674014266024c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=221d685172' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EPA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6851, encryptionId=221d685172, topicName=EPA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4a9b4077760, createdName=gwc384, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1507577, encodeId=50e2150e5778a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adee2090e8b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙戊酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20907, encryptionId=adee2090e8b, topicName=丙戊酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=46789929366, createdName=steven_u5, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527113, encodeId=fc1a152e113b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=24d610019a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10019, encryptionId=24d610019a8, topicName=iPS细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27a11802753, createdName=wmr115, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1622690, encodeId=35ba162269067, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c81d812342e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝毒性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81234, encryptionId=c81d812342e, topicName=肝毒性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15316, encodeId=81c21531687, content=iPS应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=115.231.229.**, createdTime=Mon Feb 09 23:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805350, encodeId=6d40180535019, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e078e79331a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞模型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77933, encryptionId=e078e79331a, topicName=细胞模型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21e5394, createdName=yeaweam, createdTime=Fri Apr 17 19:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15862, encodeId=17a61586256, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377719, encodeId=1a0913e771970, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b810004ce' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10004, encryptionId=17b810004ce, topicName=iPS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=69cb413, createdName=chengjn, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1426602, encodeId=674014266024c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=221d685172' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EPA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6851, encryptionId=221d685172, topicName=EPA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4a9b4077760, createdName=gwc384, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1507577, encodeId=50e2150e5778a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adee2090e8b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙戊酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20907, encryptionId=adee2090e8b, topicName=丙戊酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=46789929366, createdName=steven_u5, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527113, encodeId=fc1a152e113b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=24d610019a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10019, encryptionId=24d610019a8, topicName=iPS细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27a11802753, createdName=wmr115, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1622690, encodeId=35ba162269067, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c81d812342e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝毒性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81234, encryptionId=c81d812342e, topicName=肝毒性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15316, encodeId=81c21531687, content=iPS应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=115.231.229.**, createdTime=Mon Feb 09 23:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-02-10 wmr115
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805350, encodeId=6d40180535019, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e078e79331a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞模型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77933, encryptionId=e078e79331a, topicName=细胞模型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21e5394, createdName=yeaweam, createdTime=Fri Apr 17 19:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15862, encodeId=17a61586256, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377719, encodeId=1a0913e771970, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b810004ce' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10004, encryptionId=17b810004ce, topicName=iPS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=69cb413, createdName=chengjn, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1426602, encodeId=674014266024c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=221d685172' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EPA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6851, encryptionId=221d685172, topicName=EPA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4a9b4077760, createdName=gwc384, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1507577, encodeId=50e2150e5778a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adee2090e8b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙戊酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20907, encryptionId=adee2090e8b, topicName=丙戊酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=46789929366, createdName=steven_u5, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527113, encodeId=fc1a152e113b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=24d610019a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10019, encryptionId=24d610019a8, topicName=iPS细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27a11802753, createdName=wmr115, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1622690, encodeId=35ba162269067, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c81d812342e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝毒性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81234, encryptionId=c81d812342e, topicName=肝毒性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15316, encodeId=81c21531687, content=iPS应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=115.231.229.**, createdTime=Mon Feb 09 23:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805350, encodeId=6d40180535019, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e078e79331a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞模型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77933, encryptionId=e078e79331a, topicName=细胞模型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21e5394, createdName=yeaweam, createdTime=Fri Apr 17 19:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15862, encodeId=17a61586256, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377719, encodeId=1a0913e771970, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b810004ce' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10004, encryptionId=17b810004ce, topicName=iPS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=69cb413, createdName=chengjn, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1426602, encodeId=674014266024c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=221d685172' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#EPA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6851, encryptionId=221d685172, topicName=EPA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4a9b4077760, createdName=gwc384, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1507577, encodeId=50e2150e5778a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adee2090e8b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙戊酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20907, encryptionId=adee2090e8b, topicName=丙戊酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=46789929366, createdName=steven_u5, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527113, encodeId=fc1a152e113b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=24d610019a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iPS细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10019, encryptionId=24d610019a8, topicName=iPS细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27a11802753, createdName=wmr115, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1622690, encodeId=35ba162269067, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c81d812342e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝毒性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81234, encryptionId=c81d812342e, topicName=肝毒性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Tue Feb 10 10:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15316, encodeId=81c21531687, content=iPS应用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=115.231.229.**, createdTime=Mon Feb 09 23:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-02-09 115.231.229.**

    iPS应用

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研究特色两个组蛋白变异体TH2A 和TH2B在卵细胞中高表达TH2A/TH2B在卵细胞中活化受精后的父系基因组TH2A/TH2B增强OSKM介导的重编程,并在X染色体上富集TH2A/TH2B依赖的iPSC产生,能够被Xist突变所增强Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc (OSKM)四因子诱导体细胞向iPSC转化,这是经典的iPSC诱导方法。体细胞核移植也经常被用于重编程。因此,

iPS细胞有助治疗“渐冻症”

医学界一直对俗称“渐冻症”的肌萎缩侧索硬化症束手无策。日本京都大学最新研究结果说,利用诱导多功能干细胞(iPS细胞)制作前驱细胞,然后移植给渐冻症实验鼠,能将其寿命延长约10天。 “渐冻症”是运动神经元病的一种,患者逐渐丧失运动机能甚至瘫痪,其中最著名的是英国科学家霍金。这种病被认为与神经胶质细胞异常有关,神经胶质细胞可负责维持神经细胞的网络并向神经细胞提供营养。 京都大学教授井上治久率领的研

Nature:细胞重编程与表观遗传记忆

干细胞与再生医学领域的研究进展在为人们带来巨大希望的同时也提出了极大的挑战。 日前,来自威尔康乃尔医学院(Weill Cornell Medical College)的研究人员的一项新发现将有助于提高重编程细胞的安全性和性能。相关研究论文刊登在了近期出版的《自然》(Nature)杂志上。 研究人员发现,活化诱导胞嘧啶脱氨酶(activation-induced cytidine deami

Cell:邓宏魁成功使特化的细胞转分化为多潜能干细胞(iPS)

中国科学家7月18日在美国《科学》杂志上报告说,他们用一种非常简单和更加安全的方法,将体细胞制成多潜能干细胞,并用这种细胞培育出多只健康的小鼠,其中一只叫“青青”的小鼠刚过完100天的生日。这篇研究论文发表在今年5月份的Cell上。研究人员说,这是一项革命性的研究成果,为未来细胞治疗甚至器官移植提供了理想的细胞来源,将极大地推动治疗性克隆的发展,即克隆组织和器官以用于疾病治疗。哺乳动物细胞只有在胚