BMJ:MD Anderson研究:慢性病占癌症发生、死亡影响因素的20-30%

2018-02-02 王强 肿瘤资讯

MD Anderson癌症中心Tu教授等人就几种慢性病及相关标志物与癌症(发病率及死亡率)间的关系进行了前瞻性队列研究,相关结果发表于全球瞩目的四大医学期刊之一《BMJ》。

MD Anderson癌症中心Tu教授等人就几种慢性病及相关标志物与癌症(发病率及死亡率)间的关系进行了前瞻性队列研究,相关结果发表于全球瞩目的四大医学期刊之一《BMJ》。

据统计,2015年全球死亡原因中有71%是慢性病所致,其中癌症、心血管疾病、糖尿病、慢性肾病、呼吸道疾病等占多数,而癌症所致的死亡约为880万例,且未来癌症数量仍将持续增加。其实癌症和其他慢性病变具有共同的危险因素,如老龄化、不健康的生活方式等;同时某些非癌慢性疾病患者也可能更容易罹患癌症而与共同的危险因素无关;但目前的癌症预防措施多关注生活方式方面的危险因素,而对非癌慢性疾病这一可控危险因素关注不足。

有鉴于此,MD Anderson癌症中心Tu教授等人就几种慢性病及相关标志物与癌症(发病率及死亡率)间的关系进行了前瞻性队列研究,相关结果发表于全球瞩目的四大医学期刊之一《BMJ》,肿瘤资讯为大家编译介绍如下。

该研究名为MJ队列研究,纳入人群为1996-2007年间参与到某私营单位付费标准化综合医学筛查的人群,遍及中国台湾全部地域。排除年龄不足18岁、有癌症病史、随访不足等因素后,最终纳入405878人,男性48%,女性52%;其中177430人(43.7%)有二次随访,一、二次随访间隔平均为2年。根据日常体育活动中代谢当量(MET)与所用时间(小时/周)的比值将人群分为五组:不活跃(<3.75)、低度活跃(3.75-7.49)、中度活跃(7.50-16.49)、高度活跃(16.50-25.49)、极度活跃(≥25.50)。其中中度活跃及以上的个体符合当前的运动时间建议。纳入分析的慢性病及相关指标(括号内,共计10种)为心血管疾病(舒张压、收缩压、总胆固醇、心率)、糖尿病(指标空腹血糖)、慢性肾病(尿蛋白定性及肾小球滤过率)、肺部疾病(一秒钟用力呼气量、用力肺活量)以及痛风(尿酸),相关诊断标准请参阅原文。经相关统计学分析后,具体结果如下:

1、慢性病与癌症发生率及死亡率之间的个体相关性:

除血压和肺功能外,个体癌症风险与其他慢性病及8种相关指标间均具有显着相关性;其中总胆固醇水平越高、个体癌症风险越低:总胆固醇水平最低的个体相比最高的个体而言,其癌症罹患风险增加44%!而心率与蛋白尿则会增加癌症罹患风险:心率最高者比心率最低者的癌症罹患风险增加9%,微量蛋白尿者癌症罹患风险增加12%,蛋白尿者癌症罹患风险增加21%。肾小球滤过率与癌症罹患风险之间则为U型关系:相对于肾小球滤过率60-89ml/min/1.73m2者来说,低于此值和高于此值的癌症罹患风险分别增加11%、10%。尿酸水平<297μmol/L者癌症罹患风险增加15%。上述8个指标均与癌症死亡风险相关,且其相关性强于与癌症发生率之间的相关性。

进一步分析表明,上述相关性与年度收入、随访时间(<5年、≥5年)无关;排除随访2-10年内发生癌症的病例,并对门冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、AFP、乙肝病毒感染情况进行调整后,总胆固醇水平和癌症风险间的上述关系未受影响。根据吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼、水果及蔬菜摄入等进行分层后,上述关系未受影响。

2、慢性病与癌症发生率及癌症死亡率之间的总体相关性:

将前述8种指标分别赋予不同的风险值(0-8,其中总胆固醇水平与蛋白尿赋值最高;具体赋值规则请参阅原文),然后得出的综合风险值均与癌症发生率及癌症死亡率之间具有正相关。相比评分≤1的个体来说,评分2-4、5-8、9-11、≥12者的癌症发生风险比分别为1.13、1.36、1.62、2.21;癌症死亡率与此评分也有类似相关性,但相关程度更大:相比评分≤2的个体来说,评分3-6、7-11、12-14、≥15者的癌症死亡风险比分别为1.60、3.13、3.04、4.00。此风险评分值增加5分,则癌症的总体发病风险增加35%,总体死亡风险增加50%。对具体癌种的发生风险来说,依次为肝癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、口腔癌、胃癌;死亡风险则依次为膀胱癌、肝癌、肾癌、口腔癌、大肠癌。

3、对预期寿命的影响:

慢性病风险评分较高者寿命减少较多,评分最高者的寿命减少在男性为13.3年、在女性为15.9年。与男性预期寿命减少关系最大的依次是心率≥90次/分(7.4年)、微量蛋白尿或蛋白尿(6.6年)、肺部疾病(5.8年)、糖尿病(5.0年)、肾小球滤过率<60ml/min/1.73m2(3.3年)、高血压(3.1年)、总胆固醇<4.15mmol/L(2.6年)、尿酸<297μmol/L(1.5年);女性则依次为微量蛋白尿或蛋白尿(6.9年)、糖尿病(5.9年)、肾小球滤过率<60ml/min/1.73m2(5.7年)、心率≥90次/分(5.4年)、总胆固醇<4.15mmol/L(4.6年)、高血压(4.2年)、肺部疾病(3.7年);而女性尿酸<297μmol/L则会延长寿命2.8年。对于生活方式相关因素来说,吸烟则寿命减少最多:女性为4.8年,男性为4.3年。



4、慢性病在癌症发生率及死亡率中的占比:

前述8种指标中,胆固醇水平低对癌症发生率的影响最大(5.7%);而心血管疾病3种指标(胆固醇水平低、高血压或高血压前期、心率较高)对癌症发生率的总体影响为12.4%。慢性肾病指标(微量蛋白尿或蛋白尿、肾小球滤过率异常)的总体影响为4.4%,尿酸异常的影响为3.0%,糖尿病或糖尿病前期的影响为1.7%,肺部疾病无影响。前述8种指标对癌症发生率的总体影响20.5%,接近5种生活方式(吸烟、运动不足、水果及蔬菜摄入不足、饮酒、体重指数不理想)对癌症发生率的总体影响(24.8%)。而前述8项指标对癌症死亡率的影响为38.9%,5种生活方式对癌症死亡率的影响则为39.7%,二者也比较接近。

5、运动在慢性病相关癌症发生率及死亡率中的作用:

运动充足与运动不足者相比,慢性病风险评分与癌症发生率及死亡率之间的关系会减弱;运动会使得癌症发生方面的风险降低38-54%(平均48%),使得癌症死亡方面的风险降低14-39%(平均27%)。



总之,该研究为慢性病及相关指标与癌症发生、死亡之间关系的研究增加了实质性证据:数据表明上述因素在癌症发生中的影响占比超过20%,在癌症死亡中的影响占比超过1/3,接近生活方式对癌症发生及死亡的影响;而运动则可以使得与慢性病有关的癌症风险降低约40%!

当然,该研究还有一定局限性,比如仅为一项观察性研究,所得关系可能并非因果关系;研究人群为台湾人,是否适用于其他地域人群还需进一步研究

点评

在病因未能完全明确的情况下,癌症预防必须打组合拳,健康的生活习惯尤为重要。但,健康的生活习惯也会对其他慢性病产生一定作用,因此搞清楚慢性病与癌症之间的关系很有必要。该文结果、尤其运动可以降低慢性病相关癌症风险的结果,对于制定癌症预防措施很有提示意义!


原始出处:Huakang Tu, postdoctoral fellow1, Chi Pang Wen, et al. Cancer risk associated with chronic diseases and disease markers: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2018;360:k134

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    2018-02-28 gaoxiaoe
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    2018-03-30 anminleiryan
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    2018-02-05 jyzxjiangqin

    慢性病的发病率.

    0

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    2018-02-05 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习学习

    0

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    2018-02-04 qjddjq
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    2018-02-03 惠映实验室

    学习..谢谢分享.

    0

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