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Nature重磅发现：衰老的根源在核糖体？衰老加剧核糖体暂停，破坏蛋白质稳态

2022-08-31 nagashi 网络brainnew神内神外

衰老核糖体蛋白质稳态
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这项研究提出，随着细胞衰老，核糖体翻译暂停将不断增加，导致核糖体相关质量控制（RQC）超载和新生多肽聚集，从而在衰老过程中至关重要地促进了蛋白平衡障碍和全身衰退。

撰文 | nagashi
编辑 | 王多鱼
排版 | 水成文
自然生命，有情众生，都难逃衰老的命运。从微观的调度来看，衰老会导致细胞适应性的下降和蛋白质功能的丧失。然而，衰老导致蛋白质聚集的机制还没有被完全理解。
实际上，科学家们已经知道，随着年龄增长的蛋白质聚集是一个与许多疾病相关的问题。因此，深入研究这些疾病的基本生物学，了解导致它们的机制，可以帮助我们选择更好的治疗方法。
衰老的根源在于核糖体？Nature最新研究发现，衰老加剧核糖体暂停，破坏共翻译蛋白质稳态！
近日，斯坦福大学的研究人员在国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 发表了题为：Ageing exacerbates ribosome pausing to disrupt cotranslational proteostasis 的研究论文。
该研究提出，随着细胞衰老，核糖体翻译暂停将不断增加，导致核糖体相关质量控制（RQC）超载和新生多肽聚集，从而在衰老过程中至关重要地促进了蛋白平衡障碍和全身衰退。
该论文开辟了一个新的研究方向，将衰老如何导致蛋白质聚集的问题追溯到了核糖体的年龄依赖性损伤。
核糖体（Ribosome）是细胞内普遍存在的一种细胞器，主要由rRNA和蛋白质构成，“中心法则”中mRNA翻译成蛋白质这一过程就发生在核糖体。其功能是按照mRNA的指令将遗传密码转换成氨基酸序列并从氨基酸单体构建蛋白质聚合物。因此，核糖体也被称为细胞内蛋白质合成机器。
核糖体的结构和功能
本研究的第一作者 Kevin C. Stein 博士表示：“衰老伴随着细胞蛋白平衡的失调，这是许多与年龄相关的蛋白质错误折叠疾病的基础。然而，衰老是如何破坏蛋白质平衡的仍不清楚。由于新生多肽对蛋白平衡网络构成了巨大的负担，我们假设，衰老过程中翻译效率的改变可能有助于推动蛋白平衡的崩溃。”
在这项最新研究中，研究团队发现衰老改变了秀丽隐杆线虫和酿酒酵母的翻译延伸过程的动力学。在衰老的线虫和酵母的特定位置（例如多碱基区域）核糖体暂停被加剧，导致核糖体碰撞增加，从而触发核糖体相关质量控制（RQC）。
事实上，长寿的酵母突变体减少了年龄依赖的核糖体暂停，并且延长了寿命，具体与更大通量的RQC途径相关。研究人员还发现，线虫中显示年龄依赖核糖体暂停的新生多肽在年龄依赖的蛋白聚集体中强烈富集，进一步将核糖体翻译停顿与蛋白平衡崩溃联系起来。
研究衰老对翻译动力学和协同翻译的影响
通过结合实验和计算数据分析，研究人员发现核糖体的功能会随年龄的增长而退化，与此同时，有缺陷的蛋白质也会不断增加，使得原本会阻止蛋白质聚集的质量控制失效保护机制无法发挥作用。
斯坦福大学生物学和遗传学教授、本研究的通讯作者 Judith Frydman 博士说道：“蛋白质在生命中最脆弱和最关键的时刻——也就是它最容易发生错误折叠的时候——恰恰是它形成的时候。”
衰老加剧了酵母中核糖体在多碱基区域的暂停
研究团队使用了一种称为核糖体图谱的技术，这种技术可以让他们准确地看到在翻译过程中核糖体是如何在mRNA上移动的。他们观察到，在年龄较大的细胞中，核糖体的周期性移动变得更慢，并且核糖体性能的下降与年龄相关的错误折叠蛋白质聚集的增加相一致。
核糖体暂停后，被截断的新生多肽的年龄依赖性聚集
对此，论文第一作者 Kevin C. Stein 博士解释道：“有两种情况，衰老导致核糖体碰撞的增加和停滞，但细胞失去了处理它的安全网络。”
核糖体暂停和截断的新生多肽在衰老过程中的聚集
本研究的另一位主要作者 Fabián Morales-Polanco 博士兴奋地表示，这个发现只是一个非常迷人的未来的开端，这开创了一个新的研究方向，也随之而来了无数个等待回答的问题，并可能因此产生数百篇论文。
总而言之，这项研究提出，随着细胞衰老，核糖体翻译暂停将不断增加，导致核糖体相关质量控制（RQC）超载和新生多肽聚集，从而在衰老过程中至关重要地促进了蛋白平衡障碍和全身衰退。
论文链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04295-4

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    2022-06-04 liye789132251

    #Nat#

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    2022-09-24 changfy

    #稳态#

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    2022-05-02 ms1779634646866130

    #白质#

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    2022-02-13 cmj8wellington

    #蛋白质#

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    2022-02-13 xxxx1054

    #重磅#

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