Anesthesiology:布比卡因脊麻的剂量对胎头外倒转成功率的影响

2017-10-07 王婷婷 黄绍强 古麻今醉网

近期Anesthesiology在线发表了来自美国西北大学芬堡医学院的一项临床研究,对布比卡因脊麻的剂量是否影响胎头外倒转成功率进行了探讨,其结果对于我们的临床工作有重要的参考价值。

臀位是产科中较常见的一种胎位异常,占妊娠足月分娩总数的3.8%。据统计,在美国因臀位而行剖宫产的比例约为87%。国内的情况相似,臀位妊娠的孕妇通过剖宫产终止妊娠的比例为80%-90%。倒转术或称为转胎术,指通过手转动胎儿,使其从不利于分娩的胎位转变为有利于分娩的胎位。胎头外倒转(external cephalic version,ECV)时,产科医生用手法在患者腹部产生外部压力使胎儿从臀先露变成头先露,最终能够阴道分娩。大量研究证实外倒转术能有效降低经阴道臀位分娩的比例和剖宫产率,因此美国ACOG和英国RCOG都推荐产科医生使用外倒转术来避免足月时臀位妊娠孕妇的剖宫产。但是接受外倒转术的孕妇需要承受一定的疼痛和恐惧,因此良好的镇痛非常重要。椎管内阻滞后行外倒转术可以改善产妇疼痛和提高满意度[7] ,更重要的是增加倒转成功率,降低剖宫产率。然而,使用多少剂量的局麻药对于提高外倒转术的成功率最合适,目前并没有明确的答案。

近期Anesthesiology在线发表了来自美国西北大学芬堡医学院的一项临床研究,对布比卡因脊麻的剂量是否影响胎头外倒转成功率进行了探讨,其结果对于我们的临床工作有重要的参考价值。

方法

这是一项双盲、随机、单中心的试验。从2011年8月29日至2015年9月30日,募集了239例年龄大于18岁,孕龄超过37周的足月臀位产妇,按不同的脊麻布比卡因剂量(2.5、5.0、7.5、10 mg)随机分为四组。通过外周静脉滴注500ml乳酸钠林格氏液。使用17G的Tuohy针行硬膜外穿刺,穿刺成功后使用27G笔尖式脊麻针通过Tuohy针行脊麻穿刺。见脑脊液回流后,推注已经配置好的0.5%等比重布比卡因溶液(含芬太尼15μg),随后置入硬膜外导管5厘米。不给于硬膜外试验剂量。血压每2.5min测量一次,给药后10min测量冷感觉的阻滞平面。当血流动力学平稳,通过超声再次确定胎儿体位后,产妇肌内注射0.25mg特布他林使子宫松弛,开始行外倒转术。如果产妇不能耐受,或发生持续严重的胎心过缓,或几次操作后胎位都没有重置成功,则产科医生终止外倒转术。外倒转术是否成功最终通过超声判断。产妇的疼痛评分、总体满意度以及产科医生评估腹部松弛的程度,都由一位对分组不知情的护士使用100mm视觉模拟标尺(VAS)进行评分。

结果

239例产妇有123例(51.5%)成功进行了外倒转术。四组的外倒转术成功率(P=0.99)和剖宫产率(P=0.76)无显着差异(图3)。与2.5 mg比较,5.0、7.5、10 mg组成功重置的可能性(OR及99%可信区间)分别是1.0(0.5~2.6)、1.0 (0.4~2.7) 和0.9 (0.4~2.4)。在123例成功外倒转的产妇中,98例(78%)最终阴道分娩,而外倒转失败者仅有3例(2.6%)阴道分娩。239例产妇中有138例行剖宫产手术(57.7%),紧急剖宫产有8例(3.3%)。剖宫产和紧急剖宫产的比率四组没有显着差异(表2)。



图3 不同剂量布比卡因脊麻外倒转成功率和剖宫产率



表2 布比卡因剂量对外倒转结局的影响

在麻醉结局方面,脊麻给药后10min,与2.5mg组相比较,7.5和10mg组感觉阻滞平面高了2个节段。低血压的发生率,5.0、7.5、10mg组逐渐增加(P<0.001),和2.5mg比较,需要处理的低血压的可能性(OR及99%可信区间)分别是3.6 (1.3~10.6)、11.8 (2.9~47.0)和 6.9 (2.1~22.9)(P<0.001)。然而,升压药的剂量四组并没有差异(表3)。产科医生评估的腹部松弛程度也没有差异,和2.5mg比较,其他三组腹部松弛程度VAS评分的中位数差值(99.6%可信区间)分别是5 (–5~17), 6 (–3~20)和10 (–3~23)(P=0.14)。7.5和10mg组产妇疼痛评分比2.5mg组略有降低,但四组产妇满意度没有统计学差异(P=0.64)(表2)。

和2.5mg比较,剂量增加离院时间也相应延长。与5mg相比,7.5mg组离院时间中位数(差值的99.6%可信区间)增加了60min(16~116min)(P=0.004)。



表3 布比卡因剂量对感觉阻滞、血压和升压药使用的影响

结论

脊麻时增加局麻药的剂量可以达到更高的阻滞平面但并不能提高外倒转术的成功率,也不能进一步减少剖宫产率。因此,布比卡因2.5mg用于臀位足月产妇的外倒转术是最佳的脊麻剂量。

点评

应用椎管内阻滞可以提高外倒转的成功率是目前的共识。之前我们一直认为,增高椎管内阻滞时局麻药的剂量(如鞘内注射布比卡因7.5mg相比2.5mg),由于更强的感觉和运动阻滞,外倒转术成功率会明显增加。这样的观点是综合了以往发表的7个临床研究的结果得出的,这7个研究中,5个是通过蛛网膜下腔给药,另外2个是通过硬膜外给药。不过,每一个研究中并没有直接进行不同剂量的比较,上述观点其实是不同研究之间的间接比较推断出的。然而,本研究的结果却否定了我们原来所持的观点,换句话说,外倒转的成功率并不能通过增加局麻药剂量而进一步提高。

迄今为止,这个研究是在椎管内阻滞对外倒转术成功率影响方面样本量最大的研究,也是第一次比较多个不同脊麻剂量的随机双盲研究。分析与以往研究结果不同的原因,可能与以往研究在盲法上的局限性和各个医院在产科处理技术及规则方面的差异有关。很多因素可能会影响到研究结果,包括人种的差异、产科医生的培训和技能、宫缩抑制剂的使用、外倒转术终止的原则以及可能影响胎儿状态的因素,如产妇的体位和循环支持等不同医院可能有不同的习惯。

实施外倒转时有几点注意事项:一是时机,尽管在孕34~35周外倒转首次成功率更高,多数产科医生仍然愿意等到37~38周,以减少胎儿重新恢复到臀位或需要提早分娩的风险。二是外倒转可能并发一过性的胎心过缓,因此持续的胎心监测是必需的。其他罕见的并发症包括阴道出血和胎盘早剥。

这个研究告诉我们,布比卡因2.5mg用于臀位足月产妇的外倒转术是脊麻的最佳剂量。增加局麻药剂量可能会略微降低疼痛评分,但不会提高产妇满意度,也不会提高外倒转术成功率,反而会增加低血压发生率和延长住院时间,因此不是合适的选择。此外,置管的麻醉技术如CSE或连续硬膜外麻醉,由于可以在外倒转成功后继续提供分娩镇痛或提供紧急剖宫产的麻醉,可能是比较好的另外一种麻醉方式。

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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 12:51:39 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251333, encodeId=8ba9251333fa, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmhead/Q3auHgzwzM6P57Bs8gOPaY1cQP9lIia0lmZOEXraGaoicqNToIslXDKw/0, createdBy=7a041951742, createdName=衣带渐宽, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 09:19:49 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251305, encodeId=56ee25130528, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 08:59:06 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-09 飘飘爱

    很好

    0

  3. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 12:51:39 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251333, encodeId=8ba9251333fa, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmhead/Q3auHgzwzM6P57Bs8gOPaY1cQP9lIia0lmZOEXraGaoicqNToIslXDKw/0, createdBy=7a041951742, createdName=衣带渐宽, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 09:19:49 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251305, encodeId=56ee25130528, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 08:59:06 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-09 lucycici

    学习一下

    0

  4. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 08:59:06 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-09 一叶知秋
  5. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 08:59:06 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-09 大叔默默路过

    布比卡因注射液的脊麻效果.从剂量角度来说.比吗啡用量小.但效果更好.不过对于下肢麻痹时间更持久.对于孕妇来说.反倒是合适的了

    0

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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 08:59:06 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-08 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.涨知识

    0

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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 08:59:06 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-08 清风拂面

    学习受益匪浅谢谢

    0

  9. 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 07:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1545965, encodeId=821f154596560, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d4a48412f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#布比卡因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48412, encryptionId=5d4a48412f1, topicName=布比卡因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=321313846448, createdName=12498c32m72暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 07:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251463, encodeId=108e251463bb, content=布比卡因注射液的脊麻效果.从剂量角度来说.比吗啡用量小.但效果更好.不过对于下肢麻痹时间更持久.对于孕妇来说.反倒是合适的了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 08:59:06 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-08 衣带渐宽

    学习

    0

  10. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 08:59:06 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-08 139****0239

    henhao

    0

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