[阳光长城学术会议结直肠肿瘤论坛]唐丽丽:癌症症状筛查——将心理社会肿瘤学融入肿瘤临床模式的探讨

2017-11-07 唐丽丽 ioncology

11月4日下午,在北京大学肿瘤医院第五届阳光长城学术会议暨结直肠肿瘤论坛的“围手术期康复及生活质量评价”专场”,北京大学肿瘤医院唐丽丽教授进行了“癌症症状筛查”专题报告,唐教授特此撰文,与读者分享。

11月4日下午,在北京大学肿瘤医院第五届阳光长城学术会议暨结直肠肿瘤论坛的“围手术期康复及生活质量评价”专场”,北京大学肿瘤医院唐丽丽教授进行了“癌症症状筛查”专题报告,唐教授特此撰文,与读者分享。

恶性肿瘤带给患者的痛苦是多维度的,除了躯体层面的痛苦,还有心理、社会及灵性层面的痛苦。近年来,恶性肿瘤的治疗已经逐渐走向整合医疗模式,除了传统抗癌治疗以外,还搭配辅助与替代疗法,强调身-心-社-灵并重的全人治疗。2007年美国医学研究所(IOM)公布了“癌症患者全人照顾:满足心理社会健康需求”的报告,提出了癌症照料的新标准,即将心理社会肿瘤学整合入癌症常规诊疗之中[1]。在此报告发布之后,一系列相关研究及项目开展,其中生物-心理-社会多维度痛苦筛查模式开始受到瞩目。

在过去的5年中,生物-心理-社会学筛查发展迅速,数项随机对照研究表明对癌症患者的生活质量有显着地改善。美国外科医师协会肿瘤委员会(American College of Surgeons’ Commission on Cancer)自2013年起将痛苦筛查作为考核肿瘤中心的一项指标,其肿瘤治疗规范中指出所有肿瘤患者在疾病的关键时间点就诊时至少应接受一次痛苦筛查[2]。

从20世纪70年代末开始,国外不断有研究支持心理社会干预可以有效减轻癌症患者的心理痛苦,提高其生活质量。2010年《新英格兰杂志》一项标志性的研究发现包括心理社会支持干预在内的早期姑息治疗不仅有效改善非小细胞肺癌患者心理痛苦、生活质量,并且患者的生存期得到延长[3],进一步表明心理社会干预早期融入肿瘤临床常规治疗的重要意义。

我国在这方面的研究大约在10年前才刚刚起步,2007年我们翻译并修订了心理痛苦温度计(Distress Thermometer,DT)[4],并尝试着将其应用于肿瘤临床,对患者进行痛苦筛查[5],并对超过DT临界值,有显着心理痛苦的患者进行干预。DT由一个0~10分的心理痛苦单一条目和问题列表组成,能快速得出患者心理痛苦的程度和引起痛苦的原因,但无法显示患者具体某一种症状或痛苦的严重程度。目前一些更为完备的痛苦筛查工具不断出现,例如MD Anderson 癌症中心的核心症状列表(MDSI-Core)。2016年我国第一部心理社会肿瘤学指南 《中国肿瘤心理治疗2016》出版[6],其中在第六章用了一整章的篇幅来讨论心理社会筛查及转诊。对于目前国际广泛使用的各种筛查工具及转诊流程进行了详细展示和解读。但指南未能就我国的具体情况适合怎样的筛查工具和筛查方法进行阐述,中国在这一领域需要做的研究和工作还有很多。

首先要做的就是找到适合中国肿瘤临床的筛查工具,好的筛查工具应当具备如下几个特点:(1)有效、稳定;(2)简便易行;(3)能通过临界值发现需要干预的患者;(4)能够区分患者痛苦的维度(躯体症状、情绪负担、社会问题等)以及各维度痛苦的严重程度便于转诊给不同专业人员。

其次是要建立合理的筛查-转诊的流程,包括:(1)确定筛查的方式(纸笔、电子化);(2)确定患者首次接受筛查的时机以及后续随访筛查的时机(例如首次就诊时,刚得知诊断时,手术/放疗/化疗前,治疗开始时,治疗失败时,等等);(3)建立多学科专业人员之间相互转诊与合作的模式(图1),多学科合作和转诊以实现对患者的全人照顾是筛查的真正意义所在,转诊过程应当对于各专业医护人员和患者来说都简单快捷,不额外增加他们诊疗或就诊的负担。


图1. 多学科专业人员之间相互转诊与合作的模式

最后,任何临床模式在推广应用之前都需要经过多中心,大样本的随机对照研究去验证其在临床工作中的可行性和有效性,以获得高质量证据的支持。

建立将心理社会肿瘤学筛查-转诊-干预模型融入中国肿瘤临床常规诊疗的新模式无疑是未来的发展方向,中国的心理社会肿瘤学专业人员还在不断的研究中摸索前行。


参考文献

[1]Adler NE, Page AEK, eds. Institute of Medicine. Cancer Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs. Washington.DC: The National Academies Press, 2008.


[3]Lili Tang,Yening Zhang,Ying Pang, Haiwei Zhang,Lili Song.Validation and Reliability of Distress Thermometer in Chinese Cancer Patients. Chinese Journal of Cancer Research. 2011, 23 (1) : 54-58.

[4]张叶宁、张海伟、宋丽莉、唐丽丽*,心理痛苦温度计在中国癌症患者心里痛苦筛查中的应用. 中国心理卫生杂志. 2010, 24(12): 897-902.

[5] 唐丽丽(编)中国肿瘤心理治疗指南. 北京,人民卫生出版社, 2016. 06.

专家简介:
唐丽丽   主任医师、副研究员  博士生导师
北京大学肿瘤医院康复科 主任
中国抗癌协会肿瘤心理专业委员会 主任委员
北京抗癌协会肿瘤心理专业委员会  主任委员
中国老年肿瘤协会姑息治疗专业委员会  副主任委员
中国老年学和老年医学学会肿瘤康复分会  副主任委员
中国医疗保健国际交流促进会——肿瘤姑息治疗与人文关怀分会  副主任委员
中国心理卫生协会身心医学专业委员会  副主任委员
世界中医药学会联合会肿瘤康复专业委员会理事会  副会长

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