Allergy:婴幼儿早期皮肤屏障受损与过敏反应

2021-11-18 医路坦克 MedSci原创

研究表明婴儿早期的特应性皮炎、皮肤干燥和皮肤屏障功能受损的临床特征可以用来指导预防其以后的过敏性疾病的发生。

     

      过敏性疾病有时在生命早期便已经开始,通常在婴儿期出现湿疹(特应性皮炎),随后可能出现食物过敏、过敏性鼻炎和哮喘,这种模式被称为特应性进行期。早期过敏性致敏是儿童慢性过敏性疾病的主要危险因素。目前尚不清楚是什么引发过敏性疾病的发展,但对单一食物过敏原的敏化通常始于婴儿时期。特应性皮炎(AD),一种以瘙痒为特征的炎症性皮肤病。AD表现的时间和严重程度似乎在过敏性疾病的发展过程中至关重要,因为食物致敏的风险和食物过敏的风险随着AD的早期发病和严重程度的增加而增加。

     儿童哮喘预防研究报告说18个月的AD可以预测5岁时的过敏性致敏。然而,关于在生命的前6个月中过敏性致敏的早期预测因素的证据并不成立。此前,研究表明AD与婴儿期的致敏或食物过敏有很强的相关性,但没有控制潜在的反向原因。据我们所知,以前还没有研究通过分析非致敏婴儿皮肤屏障受损的潜在标记物,来预测在生命的前6个月过敏性致敏的发展。确定适当的过敏性致敏预测因子可能会指导预防食物过敏的新策略。

     本研究的第一个目的是确定3个月大时的湿疹,皮肤干燥和高表皮水分流失(TEWL)是否与6个月大时的过敏性致敏有关。第二个目的是确定3个月时非致敏婴儿的湿疹,皮肤干燥或高TEWL是否预测6个月时发生过敏性致敏。

      挪威和瑞典基于人群的PreventADALL出生队列中的1,994名婴儿在3个月时接受了湿疹和面颊和/或伸肌干燥皮肤的评估;皮肤屏障功能受损(定义为上四分之一的TEWL>9.4g/m2/h),以及过敏原特异性IgE水平<0.1Kua/L(830)。在6个月时,我们通过比阴性对照大2 mm的风团直径≥皮肤点刺试验来评估对任何食物(鸡蛋、牛奶、花生、小麦、大豆)或吸入剂(桦树、蒂莫西草、狗和猫)过敏原的过敏性。

     在1,994名婴儿中,198名(9.9%)被发现有任何过敏反应,其中大部分对食物过敏原(n=177,8.9%)。湿疹、皮肤干燥和高TEWL在3个月时增加了6个月的致敏风险;调整后的优势比分别为4.20(95%可信区间2.93~6.04)、2.09(95%可信区间1.51~2.90)和3.67(95%可信区间2.58~5.22)。湿疹预测致敏的敏感度为55.6%,特异度为68.1%;皮肤干燥的敏感度为65.3%,特异度为57.3%;TEWL高预测敏感度为61.7%,特异度为78.1%。

     这项研究表明,婴儿3个月龄时的湿疹、面颊和/或伸肌上的干燥皮肤及高TEWL,可以预示该婴儿在6个月龄时的过敏反应,主要是对食物过敏原。我们的结果表明,婴儿早期的特应性皮炎、皮肤干燥和皮肤屏障功能受损的临床特征可以用来指导预防其以后的过敏性疾病的发生。

文献来源:Wärnberg Gerdin S,  Lie A,  Asarnoj A,  Impaired skin barrier and allergic sensitization in early infancy.Allergy 2021 Nov 05; 

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