Neurology:老年痴呆发病年龄与方式与临床表现密切相关!

2021-05-08 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

载脂蛋白E(APOE)是散发性AD最强的遗传风险因素。

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种主要发生于老年人的神经退行性疾病,其病因和发病机制尚不明确,该病是痴呆的最常见病因。

AD最基本、经常最早出现的临床表现为选择性记忆障碍,但也有例外。虽然现有治疗能改善该病的某些症状,但目前尚无治愈方法或疾病修正治疗(延缓病程的治疗),所有患者都无法避免疾病进展。

AD通常见于老年人,很少有60岁以前发病的情况。AD的发病率和患病率随年龄呈指数升高,在65岁后其患病率每5年基本会翻1倍。数据显示,在我国85岁以上老龄人口中,三分之一患有AD,俗称“老年痴呆”。

其中,证据显示,载脂蛋白E(APOE)是散发性AD最强的遗传风险因素。APOE有三种等位基因:ε2(降低AD风险),ε3(中性AD风险),和ε4(增加AD风险)。携带APOE ε4等位基因的人患AD的可能性是原来的三倍到四倍,而纯合子患AD的可能性是原来的十倍到十五倍。

APOE参与AD发生的示意图

为了描述AD中与年龄相关的临床异质性,并确定它是否被APOE基因型或伴随的非AD病理学改变,来自美国的学者开展了回顾性队列研究,分析了1750名散发性、病理证实的严重AD患者的数据。旨在评估美国国家阿尔茨海默病协调中心(NACC)数据库中估计的发病年龄、APOE基因型及其相互作用对标准化的临床、认知和病理结果的影响。结果发表在《神经病学》Neurology杂志上。

结果显示,在APOE ε4的病例中,发病年龄频率的双峰分布在63岁时显示出最佳分离。使用这个年龄分界线,病例被分组为ε4-早发AD(EOAD)(n = 169),ε4+ EOAD(n = 273),ε4-晚发AD(LOAD)(n = 511),以及ε4+ LOAD(n = 797)。

EOAD患者比LOAD患者更有可能出现非认知行为或运动症状或非记忆性认知障碍,并且有更多的执行功能障碍,但在客观认知测试中语言障碍较少。同时,无论APOE基因型如何,发病年龄和ε4-基因型与较低的基线MMSE分数和更严重的功能障碍独立相关,EOAD患者的认知和功能衰退比LOAD患者快。

APOE位点与AD发病的关系

尽管他们更有可能是没有伴随血管或其他非AD神经退行性病变的纯AD 患者,但EOAD患者比LOAD患者更有可能得到非AD的临床诊断(误诊)。

由此可见,早发的散发性AD与非典型的、非记忆为主的临床表现的可能性更大,特别是在没有APOE ε4等位基因的情况下,这可能导致误诊的主要原因

 

参考文献:

Smirnov DS, et al. Age-of-Onset and APOE-Related Heterogeneity in Pathologically Confirmed Sporadic Alzheimer Disease. Neurology. 2021 Mar 15:10.1212/WNL.0000000000011772. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011772.

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    2021-08-11 yinhl1978
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    2021-05-14 ms7000000598878159

    AD的发病原因仍然处于不断的探索过程中

    0

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    2021-05-09 ms7000001250691579

    改善症状

    0

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    2021-05-08 junJUN

    老年人痴呆何药可用??

    0

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