Medscape:流感患者应何时开始抗病毒治疗?

2014-03-28 佚名 dxy

2014年3月17日,Medscape网站刊登了美国CDC流感部内科医师Angela Campbell关于流感患者应何时开始抗病毒治疗的述评。现将主要内容编译如下。 甲流(H1N1)病毒已导致出现大多数的实验室确诊和住院流感病例。H1N1病毒自从出现后,每年都作为季节性流感病毒流行,并导致了2009年的大流行。 流感季节时,受影响最大的为老人和小孩。然而本流感季节中,大多数流感住院患者(大约6

2014年3月17日,Medscape网站刊登了美国CDC流感部内科医师Angela Campbell关于流感患者应何时开始抗病毒治疗的述评。现将主要内容编译如下。

甲流(H1N1)病毒已导致出现大多数的实验室确诊和住院流感病例。H1N1病毒自从出现后,每年都作为季节性流感病毒流行,并导致了2009年的大流行。

流感季节时,受影响最大的为老人和小孩。然而本流感季节中,大多数流感住院患者(大约60%)的年龄为18岁-64岁。CDC推荐预防流感的最佳方法为每年接种疫苗,在某些患者中,可早期经验性应用抗病毒药物来治疗流感病毒感染。

证据来源于过去的流感季节,2009年H1N1流感大流行时,发病后不久的抗病毒药物治疗可使临床和公共卫生获益(减少流感的不良预后)。临床试验和观察数据表明,早期抗病毒治疗的可能作用为:

⑴缩短发热和疾病临床症状的持续时间

⑵减少并发症和死亡的风险

⑶缩短住院时间

早期开始抗病毒可使临床获益最大。当有适应症时,发病后应立即开始抗病毒治疗——理想的情况为在症状发作的48h内。然而,观察研究表明,抗病毒治疗可能仍对病重,疑难或疾病进展期,甚至在发病48h后开始治疗的住院患者有效。总之,抗病毒疗法应尽早推荐给确诊或疑似流感病例:

⑴住院患者

⑵病情严重,疑难病例,疾病进展期

⑶发生流感并发症的风险很高

推荐抗病毒治疗的流感并发症的高危人群包括:2岁以下的儿童,≥65岁的老人,某种基础疾病人群,孕妇或者产妇,美国印第安人和阿拉斯加土著居民,疗养院和其他慢性病治疗机构中居住的人员。

抗病毒治疗的决定不需要等待检查的结果或实验室确诊流感。抗病毒治疗为临床疑似流感的适应症,应立即开始抗病毒治疗,同时采用适当的感染控制措施。临床医师可以根据自己的临床判断,原本健康的门诊确诊或疑似流感患者(非高风险组)可考虑抗病毒治疗,如果治疗能在发病后48小时内进行。

目前推荐用于治疗流感的抗病毒药物包括奥司他韦口服剂和扎那米韦吸入剂。目前为止,流感病毒的耐药检测中,大多数流感病毒对两种药物都敏感。对于门诊患者,虽然奥司他韦优先推荐给孕妇患者使用,但推荐使用两药物中的任一者。对于病重或有并发症的住院患者,推荐口服奥司他韦治疗,吸入式扎那米韦不推荐给严重流感患者使用。

指南下载
Influenza Antiviral Medications: Summary for Clinicians

原始链接

Angela J.P. Campbell, MD, MPH.When to Give Antiviral Drugs for the Flu.March 17, 2014

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    2015-02-28 feather89
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    2015-01-13 smlt2008
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    2014-03-30 yahu
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    2014-03-30 zhaojie88
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