地震救援心肺复苏要因地制宜,讲究差异化

2015-04-30 王立祥 人民网

近日,尼泊尔发生8.1级地震,目前已造成数***死亡。由于地震时伤者所处的地域环境、时令气候、不同对象、复杂伤情、救治条件等诸多差别,给医学救援工作增大了心肺复苏(CPR)的难度。如何遵循地震灾害后救援的规律,针对心脏呼吸骤停伤者的不同类型,寻求一条因地、因人、因情、因器、因时而异的差异化心肺复苏途径,对于地震救援中科学实施心肺复苏尤为重要。1、因“地”而异CPR因“地”而异CPR是指根据地震现场这

近日,尼泊尔发生8.1级地震,目前已造成数***死亡。由于地震时伤者所处的地域环境、时令气候、不同对象、复杂伤情、救治条件等诸多差别,给医学救援工作增大了心肺复苏(CPR)的难度。如何遵循地震灾害后救援的规律,针对心脏呼吸骤停伤者的不同类型,寻求一条因地、因人、因情、因器、因时而异的差异化心肺复苏途径,对于地震救援中科学实施心肺复苏尤为重要。

1、因“地”而异CPR

因“地”而异CPR是指根据地震现场这一特殊的环境需求,选择因地制宜的优化心肺复苏方案。地震建筑物破坏形成的废墟中,会有一些残存的结构框架或是支撑未完全倒塌,形成相对稳定的狭窄空间,这就是幸存者可能存身之所,也称“生命三角区”。地震医疗救援就是要在废墟中寻找这些可能有生命存活的狭窄空间,对困在空间内的心脏呼吸骤停者开展救援行动,需熟悉震后狭窄空间的特点,对于救援成功是非常重要的。

比如足够容纳一人进入的有限空间而需要从事紧急心肺复苏救治时,救援工作者就应打破以往常规胸外按压时立于伤者右侧或左侧并行的横向站位姿势,而应采取于伤者头侧的竖向站位姿势而进行胸外按压CPR,籍以弥补地震狭窄空间不利于进行复苏的困境。

2、因“人”而异CPR

因“人”而异CPR是指对于部分心脏呼吸骤停患者,参照不同年龄阶段机体的生理特性,通过适当延长心肺复苏时间,而制定的个性化的心肺复苏策略。临床上心肺复苏时,通常是患者心脏呼吸骤停后立即行CPR20-30分钟,未见自主循环恢复,评估脑功能有不可回逆的丧失,即宣告终止CPR。

考虑到地震灾害时难以及时实施心肺复苏的特殊性,对于特殊群体终止心肺复苏的时限需特别谨慎。比如儿童尤其是5岁以下的群体,其对损伤的耐受力较强,即使神经系统检查已经出现无反应状态,某些重要的脑功能仍可以恢复,类似儿童超长心肺复苏的成功案例报道已屡见不鲜。

美国心脏协会曾提出,只有基础生命支持及进一步心脏生命支持失败才是医学干预无效而终止复苏的标准。关于特定的人群践行超过一般复苏的时限,亦是落实地震救援中以人为本、救人第一救援观的具体体现。

3、因“情”而异CPR

因“情”而异CPR着重对于地震救援中区分不同伤情,因“情”施救有的放矢选择心肺复苏的方法。

既往对于地震中腹部创伤患者在开腹手术等特殊条件下出现的心脏呼吸骤停,常用的心肺复苏方法有胸外按压CPR及开胸心脏按压术(OCCPR)。然而胸外按压CPR在开腹情况下难以充分发挥“胸泵”作用,难以达到令人满意的复苏效果;虽然OCCPR效果优于胸外按压CPR,但存在需另辟切口、耗费时间、手术损伤大以及需要配以较高的呼吸与循环支持条件等诸多缺陷,故在地震灾难现场开胸心脏挤压术受到限制。而利用腹部开放的切口,经膈肌下抬挤心脏,迅速建立有效的血液循环进行CPR的方法能够弥补上述传统CPR方法的不足,可谓一种因“情”而变,因势利导的心肺复苏方法。

4、因“器”而异CPR

因“器”而异CPR是指从地震救援现场的实际情况出发,选用独特便携实用的复苏器具,创造出差异化心肺复苏新技术。

地震灾难中创伤发生率高,胸肋骨骨折等胸部创伤伴发心脏呼吸骤停较为常见。这类由胸部外伤而致的创伤性心脏呼吸骤停伤者,是传统胸外按压心肺复苏方法及应用按压器具的禁忌症,对于后者而言往往受到电源、气源、以及机械本身体积重量的限制,而使其在地震现场应用大打折扣。

在传统胸外按压器具应用受阻的情况下,我们另辟蹊径自主研发了腹部提压仪,其通过吸盘吸附于腹部进行提拉与按压,使膈肌上下移动的同时,能够兼顾循环和呼吸,达到心与肺复苏并举的目的。

5、因“时”而异CPR

因“时”而异CPR是指地震救援时对于预测可能发生的心脏呼吸骤停伤者,不失时机的采取前瞻性的干预性的综合预防猝死的措施。

比如地震现场常见的挤压综合征的伤员,因身体受压超过一定时限,当挤压被解除后,其间出现的缺血-再灌注损伤、高钾低钠电解质紊乱、代谢性酸中毒、血液高凝状态、肌红蛋白血症等,可以引起全身各脏器损伤,而以心脏呼吸骤停为其最严重的并发症。

对于此类伤者,应该遵从其病理生理机制的不同时段,在解除压迫部位以前,就应适时采取短暂阻断回流以预防血栓脱落,重视液体复苏保证重要脏器灌注,维持酸碱电解质平衡等举措以此防范心脏猝死的发生。

心肺复苏是灾难医学救援技术的重中之重,是心脏呼吸骤停伤者救援成功与否的关键;如何在地震灾难现场科学有效的实施心肺复苏,需要人们打破常规并依据变化了的情形探索新的出路。

作者简介:

王立祥,中国研究型医院学会心肺复苏学专业委员会主委,中华医学会科学普及分会候任主委,中华医学会灾难医学分会副主任委员,中国腹部心肺复苏学创始人,武警总医院急救医学中心主任,博士生导师。


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    2016-03-21 花花1375
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    2015-09-13 aids222
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    2015-05-05 jxsrdw

    有见解,是应该灵活运用。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1685205, encodeId=d38f16852053b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b45e56606' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#救援#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57566, encryptionId=f9b45e56606, topicName=救援)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8cb028099912, createdName=花花1375, createdTime=Mon Mar 21 05:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684392, encodeId=474916843922c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dfae5133e1d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心肺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51337, encryptionId=dfae5133e1d, topicName=心肺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c8e128082444, createdName=aids222, createdTime=Sun Sep 13 22:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22630, encodeId=b2c9226303c, content=有见解,是应该灵活运用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f0d1608613, createdName=jxsrdw, createdTime=Tue May 05 17:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22404, encodeId=31a2224046c, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Sat May 02 08:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22405, encodeId=e92322405af, content=不错的说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Sat May 02 08:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1305352, encodeId=021f130535252, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=270342e249d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#复苏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42724, encryptionId=270342e249d, topicName=复苏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Sat May 02 07:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22356, encodeId=e9292235693, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=36a81612921, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 23:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-02 yydlt

    好文章

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1685205, encodeId=d38f16852053b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b45e56606' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#救援#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57566, encryptionId=f9b45e56606, topicName=救援)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8cb028099912, createdName=花花1375, createdTime=Mon Mar 21 05:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684392, encodeId=474916843922c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dfae5133e1d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心肺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51337, encryptionId=dfae5133e1d, topicName=心肺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c8e128082444, createdName=aids222, createdTime=Sun Sep 13 22:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22630, encodeId=b2c9226303c, content=有见解,是应该灵活运用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f0d1608613, createdName=jxsrdw, createdTime=Tue May 05 17:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22404, encodeId=31a2224046c, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Sat May 02 08:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22405, encodeId=e92322405af, content=不错的说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Sat May 02 08:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1305352, encodeId=021f130535252, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=270342e249d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#复苏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42724, encryptionId=270342e249d, topicName=复苏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Sat May 02 07:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22356, encodeId=e9292235693, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=36a81612921, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 23:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-02 yydlt

    不错的说

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1685205, encodeId=d38f16852053b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b45e56606' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#救援#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57566, encryptionId=f9b45e56606, topicName=救援)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8cb028099912, createdName=花花1375, createdTime=Mon Mar 21 05:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684392, encodeId=474916843922c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dfae5133e1d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心肺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51337, encryptionId=dfae5133e1d, topicName=心肺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c8e128082444, createdName=aids222, createdTime=Sun Sep 13 22:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22630, encodeId=b2c9226303c, content=有见解,是应该灵活运用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f0d1608613, createdName=jxsrdw, createdTime=Tue May 05 17:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22404, encodeId=31a2224046c, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Sat May 02 08:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22405, encodeId=e92322405af, content=不错的说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Sat May 02 08:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1305352, encodeId=021f130535252, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=270342e249d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#复苏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42724, encryptionId=270342e249d, topicName=复苏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Sat May 02 07:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22356, encodeId=e9292235693, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=36a81612921, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 23:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-02 lizhou0204
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1685205, encodeId=d38f16852053b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b45e56606' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#救援#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57566, encryptionId=f9b45e56606, topicName=救援)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8cb028099912, createdName=花花1375, createdTime=Mon Mar 21 05:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684392, encodeId=474916843922c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dfae5133e1d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心肺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51337, encryptionId=dfae5133e1d, topicName=心肺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c8e128082444, createdName=aids222, createdTime=Sun Sep 13 22:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22630, encodeId=b2c9226303c, content=有见解,是应该灵活运用。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f0d1608613, createdName=jxsrdw, createdTime=Tue May 05 17:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22404, encodeId=31a2224046c, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Sat May 02 08:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22405, encodeId=e92322405af, content=不错的说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Sat May 02 08:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1305352, encodeId=021f130535252, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=270342e249d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#复苏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42724, encryptionId=270342e249d, topicName=复苏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Sat May 02 07:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22356, encodeId=e9292235693, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=36a81612921, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 23:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-30 xiaoai5777

    好文章

    0