PICC导管安全的三大护理要点!这个你必须要知道!

2021-10-28 护理界 护理界

PICC 进入临床多年,护患获益匪浅,但临床专科护士要重视对 PICC 导管的安全管理,不断继续教育培训,提升本专业知识及技能。

外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)指的是经上肢贵要静脉、肘正中静脉、肱静脉、头静脉,颈外静脉进行穿刺置管,尖端位于上腔或者下腔静脉的导管。PICC导管因其众多的优点近几年在临床上得到广泛的应用,但是同时也存在一些护理安全隐患,为了提高导管留置期间的安全性及导管使用的有效性,保证带管期间的安全,该研究者对50例 PICC带管患者的导管进行维护,共实施安全规范的导管维护160次,无一例并发症发生。现将心得总结如下。 

安全隐患

PICC穿刺后常见有机械性静脉炎、导管漂移或脱出、采血不良、导管堵塞、血栓性静脉炎、导管破裂或断裂以及感染等并发症。

要因分析

①导管维护技术不规范    导管维护护士未经过正规培训或导管维护专职护士在执行导管维护时操作不规范。

②健康教育不到位    患者多因主要病症收住医院,临床护士注重对患者现患疾病的健康宣教,而对PICC导管的知识宣教相对重视不够。

③患者依从性差    特别是出院患者需要在门诊或居家维护时,不能定期进行导管维护,从而产生并发症,缩短PICC使用寿命。

护理对策

规范导管维护

①撕敷贴贴膜应逆向撕除。 一手用无菌棉签按住导管末端,一手注意从下往上的方向,角度与上臂平行,避免与上臂垂直,边按住导管边撕开透明膜,可避免导管脱出。

②导管外露长度导管外露长度一般为3~5 cm。 如果体外导管外露过长,暴露并且容易发生盘曲而导致很难固定;如果体外导管外露过短,则连接器与导管之间不能够摆放成半弧形,而容易形成角,久之导致损伤导管。

③穿刺点及周围皮肤护理 每次进行导管维护时应密切观察穿刺处有无渗血、渗液、出血、疼痛、瘙痒,触摸穿刺点周围有无硬结,血管是否呈条索状。穿刺及维护时要选择合适的皮肤消毒剂,穿刺点未愈合时,不要使用酒精清洁,以免对伤口过分刺激造成愈合困难。

④冲管及封管 PICC导管的冲管和封管要使用10ml及以上注射器或一次性专用冲洗装置,在给药前后都要用生理盐水以脉冲的形式冲洗导管,使冲管液体在导管内形成小漩涡,彻底冲净管壁内的药液及血液,可有效防止注射器相关性回血,减少血凝性堵管风险。如果遇到阻力或者抽吸无回血时,首先要确定导管是否通畅,不要强行冲洗导管。输液完毕后,要用导管容积以及延长管容积2 倍的生理盐水或者使用 0~10 U/mL 的肝素盐水正压封管。PICC导管在治疗间歇期间应至少每周维护 1次。

⑤固定 待消毒液完全干后选用无菌、透气、黏性好及不过敏等优点的贴膜固定。采取无张力性粘贴,导管与连接器摆放形状呈半弧形固定,严禁扭曲、折压、成角。

⑥拔管 嘱患者放松情绪,缓慢匀速拔管。在静脉处以热敷的形式来缓解痉挛。临床中如果出现拔管困难的情况时,暂时不进行拔管,借助影像学的手段(如 X 线、B型超声等)去查找原因,然后采取合理的措施,禁止强行用力地拔管,防止出现断管的危险或者栓子脱落而危及病人的生命。拔管后常规按压止血,消毒包扎。愈合期间忌水浸渍。

健康教育要点

① 日常生活 带管不影响患者从事常规的日常生活、家务劳动以及体育锻炼等,但是要尽量地防止带管侧手臂提过重物品、做引体向上等剧烈运动;带管可以进行淋浴,但是不能进行盆浴和泡浴,而且在淋浴之前,要用塑料保鲜膜缠绕带管的肘部2~3 周,然后用胶布贴紧保鲜膜边缘,淋浴后要检查贴膜里是否进水,如果进水,要及时地更换贴膜;衣服的袖口等要尽量宽松,在穿、脱衣服时要避免把导管一同带出。

②运动 活动时避免置管上肢剧烈活动及过度外展、上举、旋转及频繁屈伸活动。带管手臂可适当做些主动运动,如松握拳等动作。

③异常情况及时去医院 穿刺点或沿静脉走向皮肤红肿热痛;导管发现回血;敷贴进水或潮湿浮起;导管断裂或意外滑脱等。

提高患者的维护依从性

①切实做好 PICC围置管期护理,根据患者特点采取便于患者接受及掌握的视频、图文、发放健康手册等方式进行宣教。

②从经济成本 身体创伤及留置导管、保持有效使用的意义等方面告知患者做好 PICC 导管维护的重要性,使患者从根本上认识到有效维护的必要性。

③做好延续护理 建立 PICC患者导管维护档案,通过微信群或电话回访方式加强护患沟通,做好带管期间的宣教工作,每次维护后要及时记录在册,发现问题应尽量将可能发生的情况告知患者,让患者心中有数,并督促下次维护,护患共同落实导管维护。   

PICC 进入临床多年,护患获益匪浅,但临床专科护士要重视对 PICC 导管的安全管理,不断继续教育培训,提升本专业知识及技能。同时加强对患者的健康宣教,护患共同成长,这样才能防范导管维护安全隐患,保证导管安全的有效使用。

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    2022-04-01 ms7000001143703204

    实用

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    2022-02-28 ms6000001694589922

    科普

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    2021-12-07 ms1000000724902414

    有用

    0

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    2021-10-30 tomyang87
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1207979, encodeId=b721120e97915, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=70646585373, createdName=ms7000001143703204, createdTime=Fri Apr 01 22:35:49 CST 2022, time=2022-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1198175, encodeId=0ed011981e588, content=科普, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=08415729146, createdName=ms6000001694589922, createdTime=Mon Feb 28 22:07:31 CST 2022, time=2022-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1077827, encodeId=5bc610e782790, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211201/ba025122a9134ec386466a90b2b2cc9e/5f7b12e4160a4e50adeb83ef09d9f4e0.jpg, createdBy=c1ce6157833, createdName=ms1000000724902414, createdTime=Tue Dec 07 19:01:26 CST 2021, time=2021-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1414571, encodeId=52e714145e107, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c2b142565d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PICC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14256, encryptionId=7c2b142565d, topicName=PICC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2c6b3060279, createdName=tomyang87, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 13:18:48 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462088, encodeId=b9291462088f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=32fd933505' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ICC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9335, encryptionId=32fd933505, topicName=ICC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=36506466438, createdName=zhs3884, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 13:18:48 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064901, encodeId=e397106490138, content=系统,使用标准12导联心电图信息非侵, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Fri Oct 29 08:57:44 CST 2021, time=2021-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064889, encodeId=c2c7106488901, content=很前沿,很详细,很透彻, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=65aa5643711, createdName=小白努力长高高, createdTime=Fri Oct 29 08:01:13 CST 2021, time=2021-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064832, encodeId=3068106483247, content=坚持学学, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210313/9df56058b3964a8cac82563f95f0389d/c1b478592e8e4463bef44d32712e98fd.jpg, createdBy=ea905324251, createdName=SR~young海东, createdTime=Thu Oct 28 22:54:51 CST 2021, time=2021-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-30 zhs3884
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1207979, encodeId=b721120e97915, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=70646585373, createdName=ms7000001143703204, createdTime=Fri Apr 01 22:35:49 CST 2022, time=2022-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1198175, encodeId=0ed011981e588, content=科普, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=08415729146, createdName=ms6000001694589922, createdTime=Mon Feb 28 22:07:31 CST 2022, time=2022-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1077827, encodeId=5bc610e782790, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211201/ba025122a9134ec386466a90b2b2cc9e/5f7b12e4160a4e50adeb83ef09d9f4e0.jpg, createdBy=c1ce6157833, createdName=ms1000000724902414, createdTime=Tue Dec 07 19:01:26 CST 2021, time=2021-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1414571, encodeId=52e714145e107, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c2b142565d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PICC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14256, encryptionId=7c2b142565d, topicName=PICC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2c6b3060279, createdName=tomyang87, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 13:18:48 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462088, encodeId=b9291462088f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=32fd933505' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ICC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9335, encryptionId=32fd933505, topicName=ICC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=36506466438, createdName=zhs3884, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 13:18:48 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064901, encodeId=e397106490138, content=系统,使用标准12导联心电图信息非侵, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Fri Oct 29 08:57:44 CST 2021, time=2021-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064889, encodeId=c2c7106488901, content=很前沿,很详细,很透彻, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=65aa5643711, createdName=小白努力长高高, createdTime=Fri Oct 29 08:01:13 CST 2021, time=2021-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064832, encodeId=3068106483247, content=坚持学学, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210313/9df56058b3964a8cac82563f95f0389d/c1b478592e8e4463bef44d32712e98fd.jpg, createdBy=ea905324251, createdName=SR~young海东, createdTime=Thu Oct 28 22:54:51 CST 2021, time=2021-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-29 查查佳佳

    系统,使用标准12导联心电图信息非侵

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1207979, encodeId=b721120e97915, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=70646585373, createdName=ms7000001143703204, createdTime=Fri Apr 01 22:35:49 CST 2022, time=2022-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1198175, encodeId=0ed011981e588, content=科普, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=08415729146, createdName=ms6000001694589922, createdTime=Mon Feb 28 22:07:31 CST 2022, time=2022-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1077827, encodeId=5bc610e782790, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211201/ba025122a9134ec386466a90b2b2cc9e/5f7b12e4160a4e50adeb83ef09d9f4e0.jpg, createdBy=c1ce6157833, createdName=ms1000000724902414, createdTime=Tue Dec 07 19:01:26 CST 2021, time=2021-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1414571, encodeId=52e714145e107, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c2b142565d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PICC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14256, encryptionId=7c2b142565d, topicName=PICC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2c6b3060279, createdName=tomyang87, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 13:18:48 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462088, encodeId=b9291462088f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=32fd933505' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ICC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9335, encryptionId=32fd933505, topicName=ICC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=36506466438, createdName=zhs3884, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 13:18:48 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064901, encodeId=e397106490138, content=系统,使用标准12导联心电图信息非侵, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Fri Oct 29 08:57:44 CST 2021, time=2021-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064889, encodeId=c2c7106488901, content=很前沿,很详细,很透彻, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=65aa5643711, createdName=小白努力长高高, createdTime=Fri Oct 29 08:01:13 CST 2021, time=2021-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1064832, encodeId=3068106483247, content=坚持学学, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210313/9df56058b3964a8cac82563f95f0389d/c1b478592e8e4463bef44d32712e98fd.jpg, createdBy=ea905324251, createdName=SR~young海东, createdTime=Thu Oct 28 22:54:51 CST 2021, time=2021-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-29 小白努力长高高

    很前沿,很详细,很透彻

    0

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    2021-10-28 SR~young海东

    坚持学学

    0