Lancet Oncol述评:应采用循证医学的原则建立AIN的治疗指南

2013-05-07 Lancet Oncol dxy

在现代HIV医学中,肛门肿瘤正成为越来越突出的问题。人类乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染所引起的肛门上皮内瘤样病变(AIN)是HIV阳性患者中常见的病变,在西方国家中,感染HIV的男性中有三分之一的人存在高级别AIN。有证据提示高级别AIN(2级和3级AIN)是肛门肿瘤的癌前病变,并且在HIV阳性的患者中会出现快速进展。此外,绝大多数专家认为对高级别AIN进行早期诊断和治疗能预防肛门肿瘤的发生,这与已经

在现代HIV医学中,肛门肿瘤正成为越来越突出的问题。人类乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染所引起的肛门上皮内瘤样病变(AIN)是HIV阳性患者中常见的病变,在西方国家中,感染HIV的男性中有三分之一的人存在高级别AIN。有证据提示高级别AIN(2级和3级AIN)是肛门肿瘤的癌前病变,并且在HIV阳性的患者中会出现快速进展。此外,绝大多数专家认为对高级别AIN进行早期诊断和治疗能预防肛门肿瘤的发生,这与已经建立的宫颈不典型增生的筛查和治疗模式相似。虽然针对AIN的烧灼治疗和局部治疗已经进行了很多队列研究,但是迄今为止,在针对AIN治疗的研究中,仅有一个随机安慰剂对照研究。

在《柳叶刀肿瘤学》杂志上,Olivier Richel和其同事发表了第一个随机对照研究针对烧灼治疗(电烙法)和局部治疗(咪喹莫特或氟尿嘧啶)在治疗AIN上的有效性和安全性比较。对于门诊患者而言,电烙法是一项经常应用的、破坏性的治疗方法,但是其需要专业人员来进行。与之相对,局部外涂咪喹莫特或氟尿嘧啶是可以通过患者本人来进行治疗方案。咪喹莫特是一种免疫反应调节剂,已经获批用于治疗生殖器疣、浅表性基底细胞癌和光化性角化病。而广泛使用的化疗药物氟尿嘧啶是一种嘧啶类似物,已经获批以外涂制剂的形式治疗光化性角化病、Bowen病以及一些浅表性基底细胞癌。在Richel和其同事的研究中,三组患者的治疗时间皆为16周。研究的主要终点事件为治疗结束4周之后AIN组织学表现。共有148名受试者的数据被纳入最后的改良意向治疗分析过程中,按方案分析则纳入了124名受试者的数据。在咪喹莫特组中有29%(95%可信区间18%-43%)的受试者对治疗出现完全反应,在氟尿嘧啶组中有19%(95%可信区间9%-33%),按方案分析结果显示电烙术治疗组的患者有50%对治疗出现完全反应。但是当仅观察高级别AIN患者的数据时,研究者发现经电烙术治疗达到完全反应的受试者的比例(53%)是咪喹莫特和氟尿嘧啶组的受试者的两倍(各为21%)。并且,与电烙术的组的受试者相比,咪喹莫特组和氟尿嘧啶组的受试者的副反应事件显著增高。在所有的三个治疗组中,在72周后的累积复发率为50%,其中咪喹莫特组的累积复发率为71%、氟尿嘧啶组为58%、电烙术组为68%。

该研究的优势在于受试者样本量大、在治疗前后都应用了高分辨率肛门镜检查技术对受试者进行检查、在进行电烙术治疗时采用高分辨率的肛门镜进行引导,以及对AIN进行过了组织学确诊。然而,该研究同样也存在2个不足,在未来的研究中我们应该避免这两个不足之处。第一个不足是研究者所纳入的受试者包括肛门内和肛门周围的AIN,所需要注意到的是这两种病变的治疗方案并不相同,所以按方案分析显示患者对咪喹莫特的反应率仅为29%(在45名受试者中仅有13人对治疗出现完全反应,95%可信区间为18%-43%),与之相对,在肛周AIN的患者中对上述治疗的反应率为100%(9名患者都对治疗出现完全反应,95%可信区间为70%-100%)。此外,该研究中同时纳入高级别和低级别的AIN,而这一点是存在争议的,因为低级别的AIN(AIN1级)是一种真正意义上的癌前病变,目前还不能确定对这样的病变应该如何治疗。

由Richel和其同事发表的文章传递了3个重要的信息:首先,(重复的)烧灼治疗如电烙术目前应作为肛门内高级别AIN的一线治疗选择。第二,咪喹莫特局部治疗似乎对肛周AIN的患者的效果更佳。第三,鉴于存在较高的疾病复发率,需要在治疗后安排规律的随访。除了在研究中提及的治疗措施以外,采用红外线凝固烧灼治疗或激光治疗,以及采用三氯醋酸进行局部治疗——这些治疗措施在既往的队列研究中都显示出潜在的治疗价值,在我们的临床工作中,也经常应用这些方案对AIN患者进行治疗。所以在今后的随机对照研究中也应该对这些治疗方式进行评估。此外,我们还需要对不同的烧灼治疗——如电烙术、红外线凝固治疗和激光治疗进行比较,同时也需要对不同的局部治疗方案如咪喹莫特、三氯醋酸和西多福韦进行比较,针对上述内容的研究结果应该会引起人们的关注和兴趣。针对AIN的治疗还存在其他具有前景的治疗方案,需要我们进行研究来证实,如局部应用polyphenon E(获批用于生殖器疣的治疗),或应用不同剂量的咪喹莫特治疗(已在光化性角化病中进行过相应研究),以及局部应用巨大戟醇甲基丁烯酸酯进行治疗(获批用于光化性角化病治疗)。因为AIN是由于感染了HPV而引起的疾病,针对减少或消除致病病原体的干预措施如在烧灼治疗或局部治疗后应用HPV疫苗注射,亦或是在烧灼治疗后辅以咪喹莫特局部治疗——也是可供选择的治疗方案,也应成为研究所评估的对象。

从长远来看,对男孩采用预防性HPV疫苗接种(澳大利亚将作为第一个国家在全国范围内推进疫苗接种,即将进行)或能降低AIN和肛门癌的发病率。到那个时候,我们才能在感染HIV的男性(或女性)这样的高危人群中建立和评估AIN的筛查体系,以便能实现早期发现和早期治疗的目标。我们应采用循证医学的原则建立AIN的治疗指南。

肛门相关的拓展阅读:



原文阅读:One step towards standardised management of anal dysplasia
Anal cancer is one of the emerging problems in modern HIV medicine. 1 , 2 Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is frequent in HIV-positive patients and high-grade AIN has been recorded in about a third of HIV-infected men in western countries. 3 , 4 Evidence exists that high-grade AIN (AIN grades 2 and 3) is the precursor lesion of anal cancer and that progression can occur quickly in HIV-positive patients. 2—4 Thus, most experts agree that early diagnosis and treatment ...

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    2013-09-10 minlingfeng
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    2013-05-28 howi
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    2013-05-09 xjy04

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