你的耐心与什么有关?科学家揭示了大脑中血清素促进耐心的特定区域 ---Science Advances

2020-11-29 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

大脑深处的伏隔核,以及额叶的两个部分,即眶额皮质和前额叶内侧皮质,这三个区域被证明在受损后会增加冲动行为。

我们都有过这样的经历。不管我们是在漫长的一天结束后堵在路上,还是急切地期待着一本新书、一部电影或一张专辑的发行,有时候我们都需要有耐心。学会抑制一时的满足感往往对未来的成功至关重要,但是耐心是如何在大脑中调节的,人们仍然知之甚少。

近日,在日本的一项研究中,作者Katsuhiko Miyazaki博士指出了大脑中通过血清素的作用促进耐性的特定区域。他们的发现发表在11月27日的Science Advances上。

“血清素是最著名的行为神经调节剂之一,有助于调节情绪、睡眠-觉醒周期和食欲,” Katsuhiko Miyazaki博士说。“我们的研究表明,这种化学信使的释放对提高老鼠的耐心也起着至关重要的作用,增加了老鼠等待食物奖励的时间。”

 科学家们培育出基因工程小鼠,这些小鼠有释放血清素的神经元,同事神经元可以表达一种光敏蛋白。这意味着,研究人员可以利用植入大脑的光纤,通过发光刺激这些神经元在精确的时间释放血清素。

食物顺序等待任务与光纤定位

研究人员发现,在老鼠等待食物时刺激这些神经元会增加它们的等待时间,当获得奖励的概率很高但奖励的时间不确定时,效果最大。

在之前的研究中,科学家们集中研究了大脑中缝背核——释放血清素神经元的中枢。来自中缝背核的神经元延伸到前脑的其他区域,在他们最近的研究中,科学家们特别探索了这些大脑区域中哪些有助于调节耐心。

研究小组集中研究了大脑的三个区域,即大脑深处的伏隔核,以及额叶的两个部分,即眶额皮质和前额叶内侧皮质。这三个区域被证明在受损后会增加冲动行为。

“冲动行为与耐心有着内在的联系——一个人越冲动,就越缺乏耐心——所以这些大脑区域是主要的候选者,” Miyazaki博士解释道。在研究中,科学家们将光纤植入中缝背核,以及伏隔核、眶额皮质或前额叶内侧皮质。

研究人员训练老鼠执行一项等待任务,把它们的鼻子放在一个叫做“戳鼻子”的洞里,直到食物颗粒被送来。在75%的试验中,科学家们奖励了老鼠。在一些测试条件下,奖励的时间是固定的,在老鼠开始戳鼻子后的6到10秒,而在其他测试条件下,奖励的时间是不同的。在剩下的25%的试验中,被称为“不作为试验”,科学家们没有给老鼠提供食物奖励。他们测量了在“不作为试验”中,当血清素释放神经元受到或未受到刺激时,老鼠继续“戳鼻子”的时间——换句话说,也就是检测它们的耐心程度。

当研究人员刺激到达伏隔核的血清素释放神经纤维时,他们发现等待时间并没有增加,这表明大脑这个区域的血清素在调节耐心方面没有作用。但是当科学家刺激老鼠的眼窝前额皮质和内侧前额叶皮质释放血清素时,他们发现老鼠等待的时间更长,有一些关键的区别。在眶额皮层中,血清素的释放和中缝背核中血清素的激活一样有效地促进了耐心;当奖赏时间是固定的和奖赏时间是不确定的时,后者的效果更强。但在内侧前额叶皮层,科学家们只看到当奖励时间变化时耐心增加,而当奖励时间固定时没有观察到效果。

为了进一步研究这个问题,科学家们建立了一个计算模型来解释老鼠的等待行为。

这个模型假设老鼠有一个内部的奖励发放时间模型,并不断估计奖励发放的概率。因此,随着时间的推移,他们可以判断自己是处于有奖励还是无奖励的审判中,并决定是否继续等待。该模型还假设眶额皮层和内侧前额叶皮层使用不同的内部奖赏时间模型,后者对奖赏时间的变化更敏感,单独计算奖赏概率。

研究人员发现,在血清素刺激下,通过将预期奖励概率从75%提高到94%,该模型最符合等待时间的实验数据。简单地说,血清素增加了老鼠的信念,他们是在一个奖赏试验,所以他们等待更长时间。重要的是,模型显示,刺激中缝背核使眶额叶皮层和内侧前额叶皮层的概率从75%增加到94%,而单独刺激大脑区域只增加了那个特定区域的概率。

“增进我们对血清素如何或多或少影响大脑不同区域的了解,可能对未来药物的开发具有重要意义。例如,选择性5 -羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)是一种能够提高大脑中5 -羟色胺水平的药物,用于治疗抑郁症。通过确定这些区域,这将为提供针对大脑特定区域而不是整个大脑的更有针对性的治疗开辟道路。”

参考文献:Miyazaki, K., Miyazaki, K. W., Sivori, G., Yamanaka, A., Tanaka, K. F., & Doya, K. (2020). Serotonergic projections to the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices differentially modulate waiting for future rewards. Science Advances, 6(48), eabc7246. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc7246 

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    2020-12-28 ms6000000854809298

    学习了

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    2020-12-01 jichang
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    2020-11-30 BJying

    #血清素# #大脑# 血清素是最著名的行为神经调节剂之一,有助于调节情绪、睡眠-觉醒周期和食欲。增进我们对血清素如何或多或少影响大脑不同区域的了解,可能对未来药物的开发具有重要意义。

    0

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    2020-11-30 Sunny orchard

    如果在学习的时候血清素水平升高那一定效率really high

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=911668, encodeId=86399116685a, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=62c35448317, createdName=ms6000000854809298, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 18:01:30 CST 2020, time=2020-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1376219, encodeId=922a13e621996, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 04:55:03 CST 2020, time=2020-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903586, encodeId=a94d903586c7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b68e89442ba' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血清素#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=7a5c4385416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑#</a> 血清素是最著名的行为神经调节剂之一,有助于调节情绪、睡眠-觉醒周期和食欲。增进我们对血清素如何或多或少影响大脑不同区域的了解,可能对未来药物的开发具有重要意义。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89442, encryptionId=b68e89442ba, topicName=血清素), TopicDto(id=43854, encryptionId=7a5c4385416, topicName=大脑)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/a16c22989a2247c0a54b44d3e3acdaaa/44abb281938b4e04bc086f8345254626.jpg, createdBy=fb825296401, createdName=BJying, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 17:01:35 CST 2020, time=2020-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903544, encodeId=006f9035443f, content=如果在学习的时候血清素水平升高那一定效率really high, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200901/629d1ce7d6f64d17a642c37c90dea72c/202f9333a3ea4b23a9b07ede3364e86b.jpg, createdBy=1a335163906, createdName=Sunny orchard, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 13:50:55 CST 2020, time=2020-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903508, encodeId=ed9e90350813, content=在血清素刺激下,通过将预期奖励概率从75%提高到94%,血清素很重要!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211019/df01a4bfb64246379ddfef3370d04115/e1274c8eb5e440918f56f83bcfea9031.jpg, createdBy=3a345397082, createdName=Jessica, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 10:31:39 CST 2020, time=2020-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903446, encodeId=fcf890344696, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83erYZdOrGG9XibsiagmWn4A0tUVncxNonDoZMDc4sgOhz2icOGEBhtChcTEprALT5UBVxlLJSazhIKLVA/132, createdBy=b9ae5253154, createdName=Elfin3915, createdTime=Mon Nov 30 07:29:56 CST 2020, time=2020-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=903258, encodeId=92d390325887, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201129/8803931fddfe4d8bbd95b49fea6da190/11bed025b79c4b03a97bdcf16f43e153.jpg, createdBy=c75f2567393, createdName=ms3969523109467256, createdTime=Sun Nov 29 14:01:12 CST 2020, time=2020-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-30 Jessica

    在血清素刺激下,通过将预期奖励概率从75%提高到94%,血清素很重要!

    0

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    2020-11-30 Elfin3915

    学习了

    0

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    2020-11-29 ms3969523109467256

    学习

    0

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