Lancet Oncology:乳腺癌筛查,究竟几岁开始更合适?23年随访数据引发探讨

2020-08-14 药明康德内容团队 医学新视点

乳腺钼靶(X线检查)是乳腺癌筛查的重要手段,筛查对于早诊早治、改善生存率的积极意义也已经得到大量研究支持。然而,仍然存有争议的一个问题是:哪个年龄范围最适合开始乳腺癌筛查?

乳腺钼靶(X线检查)是乳腺癌筛查的重要手段,筛查对于早诊早治、改善生存率的积极意义也已经得到大量研究支持。然而,仍然存有争议的一个问题是:哪个年龄范围最适合开始乳腺癌筛查?一方面,年轻女性乳腺更偏致密型,会影响钼靶的感度;其次,年轻女性整体发病和死亡概率更低;但同时,又有证据表明,年轻女性一旦得乳腺癌,可能进展更快、预后更差。

对于乳腺癌群体筛查(针对适龄女性有组织的项目),目前中国暂无推荐年龄,国际上推荐40~50岁开始,不同指南并不完全一致。国际癌症研究机构(IARC)乳腺癌筛查指南肯定了钼靶对50岁以上女性的作用,对于40~49岁女性,则认为现存证据有限。

当地时间8月12日,英国乳腺癌年龄试验(UK Age trial)对16万人23年随访的最终结果在《柳叶刀-肿瘤学》发表。结果显示,群体筛查年龄提前到40岁可能会降低死亡率且不增加过度诊断。研究发表后引发了诸多探讨,对于临床实践的影响也许并没有那么简单。

这项随机对照试验始于1990年,在1990-1997年的时间里,超过16万39-41岁的英国女性1:2随机分组受到不同的邀请:从加入研究起(即39-41岁)就开始每年进行一次钼靶检查;或按照英国国民健康服务中心(NHS)国家筛查计划的常规建议,直到她们50岁时再开始筛查。

最新发表的23年随访结果显示,在研究随访前10年,即女性40-49岁期间接受年度筛查,乳腺癌死亡率可以显着降低25%。但随着随访时间的延长,两组之间的乳腺癌死亡率差异不再明显。

首席研究员,伦敦女王玛丽大学(Queen Mary University of London)Stephen Duffy教授表示:“这项研究证实,对50岁以下的女性进行筛查的好处主要体现在头十年;从长期来看,死亡率的降低也能够保持,相当于每1000个接受筛查的女性中将有1人被拯救生命。”

结果还提示,相较于50岁开始筛查,在40-49岁期间接受筛查,并没有导致过度诊断增加。研究期间,两组女性的总乳腺癌发生率没有明显差异,包括浸润性乳腺癌发生率也没有显着差异。在40-49岁期间,干预组报告的原位癌数量更多,但这一差距也不断缩小,在23年随访结束时两组已经没有差异。

研究团队指出,“最坏的情况是适度的过度诊断,被‘过度诊断’的乳腺癌,哪怕没有在40-49岁期间发现,也会在从50岁开始的筛查中得到诊断。”

基于这些数据,研究团队认为,将筛查年龄的下限从50岁降低到40岁,可能有助于降低乳腺癌的死亡率。

不过,在论文讨论中,研究团队也指出,相较于试验开始的1990年代,当前的乳腺癌诊疗已不可同日而语。一方面,疗法的进步可能会缩小筛查获益的幅度;另一方面,现在更前沿的筛查设备可能更有助于早期发现,而近期结果仍然支持早诊早治能带来巨大生存获益。因此,仍然有必要评估最新乳腺癌筛查技术和治疗方案对50岁以下女性的影响。

在《柳叶刀-肿瘤学》同步刊发的评论文章中,多伦多大学(University of Toronto)荣誉教授Anthony Miller博士对试验结果提出了更多思考。她提出,尽管这是一项设计精良的试验,但并没有真正解决“乳腺癌起始年龄是40岁还是50岁”的争议,因为试验没有设置空白对照组,尽管40岁左右筛查有早期生存获益,但随着时间推移两组乳腺癌死亡率差距不明显,因此对不同年龄开始筛查的获益还缺乏说服力。需要注意的另一点是,在较为年轻女性中,一些通过体格检查可以发现的乳腺癌,钼靶检查结果也可能呈阴性。

英国开放大学(The Open University)荣誉教授Kevin McConway在英国科学媒体中心(science media centre)发表点评,提到了绝对获益的多少仍有待评估。尽管试验覆盖人群众多,但女性50岁前死于乳腺癌更少见,因此可能会影响死亡率估算的精确性。

此外,多位专家在点评中也仍然十分重视过度诊断的风险。在Anthony Miller博士看来,由于过度诊断通常会随着年龄增长而增加,这项试验中,可能是两组女性在50岁后都发生了过度诊断,而试验设计又不足以检测到统计学差异。

Kevin McConway教授指出,过度诊断是钼靶筛查最重要的风险之一,即便从50岁开始筛查,每拯救1名女性的生命,就有3名女性被诊断出非致命癌症。哪怕如试验论文所说,无论40岁还是50岁开始筛查,早晚会被过度诊断,更早被过度诊断也意味着女性可能要忍受相关治疗和心理负担更久。

伦敦大学(University of London)癌症遗传学教授Shirley Hodgson提醒,“如今筛查手段的敏感性可能更高,反过来也可能会导致更多的假阳性诊断。”

有效的筛查确实可以降低死亡率。关键在于,找到合适的人群、起始年龄和检查方法。关于乳腺癌筛查的年龄,比起确切的答案,最新发表的这项试验结果可能也留下了更多问题。期待更多研究和证据的积累,能够不断推进筛查策略的优化,有效帮助更多女性远离乳腺癌这一“杀手”。

原始出处:

Daniel Vulkan, Dharmishta Parmar,Shama Sheikh,et al.Effect of mammographic screening from age 40 years on breast cancer mortality (UK Age trial): final results of a randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet Oncology,Published:August 12, 2020.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30398-3

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    2020-09-19 minlingfeng
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    2021-05-16 howi
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865887, encodeId=56da186588ec4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Sat Sep 19 14:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1674479, encodeId=9e5716e4479ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8aa13359b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13359, encryptionId=e8aa13359b1, topicName=Oncology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cb7226973259, createdName=circumcision, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 09:05:25 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1830782, encodeId=4c361830e8267, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Sun May 16 16:05:25 CST 2021, time=2021-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455983, encodeId=9603145598378, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1fc23e69b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23769, encryptionId=d1fc23e69b7, topicName=乳腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53d75754638, createdName=ay2002fy, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 01:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809052, encodeId=89d980905229, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/81d08245657a4a7f9a1ef713c0ec5878/ec4b201a22194a319b1aeb171bc6bb3d.jpg, createdBy=41e02111625, createdName=1581f8c42cm, createdTime=Sat Aug 15 06:17:02 CST 2020, time=2020-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1033926, encodeId=786c1033926ff, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 13:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1038089, encodeId=816a10380899c, content=谢谢梅斯分享这么多精彩信息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=anti-cancer, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 13:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865887, encodeId=56da186588ec4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Sat Sep 19 14:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1674479, encodeId=9e5716e4479ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8aa13359b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13359, encryptionId=e8aa13359b1, topicName=Oncology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cb7226973259, createdName=circumcision, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 09:05:25 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1830782, encodeId=4c361830e8267, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Sun May 16 16:05:25 CST 2021, time=2021-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455983, encodeId=9603145598378, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1fc23e69b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23769, encryptionId=d1fc23e69b7, topicName=乳腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53d75754638, createdName=ay2002fy, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 01:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809052, encodeId=89d980905229, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/81d08245657a4a7f9a1ef713c0ec5878/ec4b201a22194a319b1aeb171bc6bb3d.jpg, createdBy=41e02111625, createdName=1581f8c42cm, createdTime=Sat Aug 15 06:17:02 CST 2020, time=2020-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1033926, encodeId=786c1033926ff, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 13:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1038089, encodeId=816a10380899c, content=谢谢梅斯分享这么多精彩信息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=anti-cancer, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 13:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-08-15 1581f8c42cm

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865887, encodeId=56da186588ec4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Sat Sep 19 14:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1674479, encodeId=9e5716e4479ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8aa13359b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13359, encryptionId=e8aa13359b1, topicName=Oncology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cb7226973259, createdName=circumcision, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 09:05:25 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1830782, encodeId=4c361830e8267, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Sun May 16 16:05:25 CST 2021, time=2021-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455983, encodeId=9603145598378, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1fc23e69b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23769, encryptionId=d1fc23e69b7, topicName=乳腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53d75754638, createdName=ay2002fy, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 01:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809052, encodeId=89d980905229, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/81d08245657a4a7f9a1ef713c0ec5878/ec4b201a22194a319b1aeb171bc6bb3d.jpg, createdBy=41e02111625, createdName=1581f8c42cm, createdTime=Sat Aug 15 06:17:02 CST 2020, time=2020-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1033926, encodeId=786c1033926ff, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 13:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1038089, encodeId=816a10380899c, content=谢谢梅斯分享这么多精彩信息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=anti-cancer, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 13:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-08-14 goodbing

    顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865887, encodeId=56da186588ec4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Sat Sep 19 14:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1674479, encodeId=9e5716e4479ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8aa13359b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13359, encryptionId=e8aa13359b1, topicName=Oncology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cb7226973259, createdName=circumcision, createdTime=Fri Jul 16 09:05:25 CST 2021, time=2021-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1830782, encodeId=4c361830e8267, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Sun May 16 16:05:25 CST 2021, time=2021-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455983, encodeId=9603145598378, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1fc23e69b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳腺癌筛查#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23769, encryptionId=d1fc23e69b7, topicName=乳腺癌筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53d75754638, createdName=ay2002fy, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 01:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809052, encodeId=89d980905229, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/81d08245657a4a7f9a1ef713c0ec5878/ec4b201a22194a319b1aeb171bc6bb3d.jpg, createdBy=41e02111625, createdName=1581f8c42cm, createdTime=Sat Aug 15 06:17:02 CST 2020, time=2020-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1033926, encodeId=786c1033926ff, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 13:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1038089, encodeId=816a10380899c, content=谢谢梅斯分享这么多精彩信息, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=anti-cancer, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 13:05:25 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-08-14 anti-cancer

    谢谢梅斯分享这么多精彩信息

    0

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