Medscape展望2014医疗事件

2014-01-02 佚名 生物探索

近日,知名医学网站Medscape(http://www.medscape.com)的编辑和顾问共同回顾了2013年的临床和医疗政策相关新闻,对2014年可能出现的重大突破进行了展望,本文对其中的临床相关内容进行了总结。 1. 实验室病毒检测将发生巨变 随着美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)批准核酸扩增技术用于多种病毒检测,将大幅提高检测的敏感度和特异性,并且速度也更快。这一方法所需的样本

近日,知名医学网站Medscape(http://www.medscape.com)的编辑和顾问共同回顾了2013年的临床和医疗政策相关新闻,对2014年可能出现的重大突破进行了展望,本文对其中的临床相关内容进行了总结。

1. 实验室病毒检测将发生巨变

随着美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)批准核酸扩增技术用于多种病毒检测,将大幅提高检测的敏感度和特异性,并且速度也更快。这一方法所需的样本更少(仅为常规抽血量的1/1000),可以在2h内得出精确的结果。约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院的Bartlett博士称,这应被视为可能是微生物学领域近150年来最大的进展,但相应的管理工作和检测结果说明将会非常严格。

2. 粪便微生物移植有望用于控制艰难梭菌感染

粪便微生物移植用于治疗复发或严重艰难梭菌感染(CDI)日渐得到认可,临床应用也越来越多。尽管由于受到一些胃肠道疾病学会的反对而使其受到FDA 限制,但目前该限令已被撤销。在美国感染病学会(IDSA)、美国医疗保健流行病学会(SHEA)、人类免疫缺陷病毒医学会(HIVMA)和儿科感染病学会(PIDS)联合举办的年会(IDweek 2013)上,一项研究显示,使用来自供者新鲜粪便样本制作的口服药丸治疗CDI具有很好的效果。

3. 新的ATP指南能否减少降低胆固醇药物应用?

2013年11月,美国心脏病学会(ACC)和美国心脏学会(AHA)更新了成人治疗组(ATP)心血管风险控制指南,这一新指南改变了既往对低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的重点关注,认为除了他汀类药物外,其他降低(即使显著降低)胆固醇药物对于控制心血管风险并无被证实的临床益处。由于仍存在争议, 这一指南在2014年能否得到很好执行仍存疑。

4. 美国或将减少透析使用

2013年发表的一项研究显示,美国人在一生中发生≥3a期慢性肾脏病的风险高达60%~70%(不同性别和种族存在差异),随着人口老龄化的日益严重,这将带来沉重的经济压力。宾夕法尼亚大学的Berns博士预测家庭透析和便携式人工肾应用将增加,这可以更好地控制疾病和降低费用。此外,另一项最近 的研究显示,许多老年终末期肾病患者对于选择透析感到后悔。

5. 新型口服治疗药物有望更好地治疗丙型肝炎

2013年12月,FDA批准了首个核苷(酸)类似物抑制剂sofosbuvir,该药物可与利巴韦林联合应用,成为丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)基因型2或3慢性感染成年患者的首个全口服无干扰素治疗方案。此外,另一种第二代直接抗病毒药物Simeprevir也在11月获得批准。在基因型1感染的患者 中,这些药物仍需与利巴韦林和干扰素联合应用,但可以显著缩短治疗时间。专家称,这些药物治愈率高、治疗时间短,且副作用较低。

6. DSM-5能否真正改变精神病学实践?

2013年第5版《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》(DSM-5)发布后,其多项诊断标准引起了极大争议。例如,塔弗茨医学中心的Ghaemi博士认为,许多易怒或冲动儿童不被精神科医生诊断双向情感障碍时将会被诊断为新增加的“破坏性情绪调节障碍”这一疾病这一疾病。DSM-4工作组主席Frances甚至认为,DSM-5将使成千上万基本正常的人被错误地视为存在精神障碍,并使目前本已存在过度诊断的形势变得更加严重,过度用药的趋势也将进一步恶化。

7. 重新审视激素治疗问题

激素治疗的风险和获益问题已争论多年,2002年著名的女性健康倡议(WHI)研究报告显示这一疗法会导致心血管疾病风险增加后,其后争论更加激烈。 2013年,《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表了一项WHI研究的更新结果,表明单独使用雌激素与雌激素+孕激素联用相比,风险-获益的平衡性更好,但其风险-获益模式仍极为复杂。刚卸任的北美更年期学会主席Manson预测,更年期激素治疗的个性化和个体化应用将会增加。

8.  2014年心脏病学领域的3项重要事件

首先,2014年将公布IMPROVE-IT试验的最终结果,这一研究在18000例近期发生急性冠脉综合征的患者中比较了依折麦布/辛伐他汀与辛伐他汀单用的疗效,由于最新的ATP指南的公布,这一拖延多年的研究结果可能会引起争议。其次,SYMPLICITY HTN-3试验结果也将在明年公布,该研究是首项验证肾脏去神经化治疗难治性高血压(接受至少3种降压药物治疗,必须含1种利尿剂)患者安全性和疗效的大型、随机、对照试验。最后,CoreValve经导管主动脉瓣置换装置有望在2014年初被美国FDA批准,该装置为Sapien装置的首个竞品。

9. 肿瘤治疗将更加精准化

欧洲肿瘤内科学会(ESMO)前主席、英国牛津大学的David Kerr教授认为,在未来的一年中,主要肿瘤类型将会根据生物标志物进一步细分为更多的亚型,尤其是新型预后标志物的出现,将可以对辅助治疗做出二元判定。

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    2014-07-18 feather89
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    2014-07-27 smlt2008
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    2014-01-04 zhaojie88
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