35岁妈妈胃镜检查后猝死,怎么了?

2017-06-26 陈年老刘 医学界消化频道

胃镜检查的并发症发生率约为0.06%~0.07%,死亡率约为0.007%~0.01%,其中50%以上的并发症和60%以上的死亡与心肺问题有关。胃镜检查并发症虽然少见,但是无法避免,甚至可能致命,不管是术者还是患者,都必须引起注意,0.01%≠不会发生!

6月19日上午,丹阳市人民医院内镜中心发生了一例胃镜检查后患者猝死事件,死者是一个7岁孩子的妈妈,令人惋惜。家属对于发生这样的结果不能理解,可预见的拉横幅、堵医院大戏再次上演……



随后,丹阳市人民医院对此次事件进行了回复,经过如下:

上午8:54,患者陈某进入内镜中心准备行胃镜检查。内镜中心医务人员经过相关准备后,于8:58许开始操作检查,9:01许检查顺利结束,患者正常下床等待检查报告。9:03许,患者突然双眼上翻,四肢抽搐,瘫倒在地,呼之不应。在场医护人员紧急进行心肺复苏抢救,心电监护监测显示:室颤。医院立即组织心内科、重症医学科、麻醉科、急诊科等多科医护人员全力抢救,13:05患者经抢救无效宣告死亡。

对患者在胃镜检查后意外猝死,我们深感悲痛。医院已组成专门工作小组与患方进行交流沟通。我们将本着客观、公正、坦诚的原则,依法、妥善处理此纠纷。

对于本次事件我们不做过多评价,希望家属能够冷静下来,通过合理合法的途径与医院沟通,给已经死去的亲人以及年幼的孩子一个交代。

胃镜并发症——与风险同行

胃镜的出现为整个消化科疾病的诊疗带来了飞跃式的进步,消化科医生可以通过更加直接的观察来诊断疾病,但是我们在感激胃镜为消化内科带来的莫大帮助的同时,也要时刻警惕,胃镜作为一项侵入式的有创检查,风险和并发症也一样无法避免。

一、颞下颌关节脱位

颞下颌关节脱位常因安放口器时张口过大,或因张口过久引起,有脱位病史者更易发生。多表现为胃镜检查完后出现开口状态而不能闭合、语言不清、唾液外流等。原则上应尽快手法复位。

二、咽喉部损伤

咽喉部损伤多由进镜时损伤了咽部组织或梨状窝引起,严重者可并发局部出血或血肿形成,并发感染时可形成脓肿,出现发热,颈部勿过度后仰或前屈。操作者应熟悉咽喉部解剖结构,沿舌根及咽后壁下滑,忌用力盲插。插镜抵达咽部或梨状窝时可嘱患者吞咽,在食管口开启时顺势进入食管。

三、贲门黏膜撕裂

贲门黏膜撕裂主要原因因为检查过程中患者剧烈恶心或呕吐,胃内压升高,使食管下端至贲门的黏膜撕裂。未开固定钮时进镜、退镜,盲目进镜或暴力进镜等也可以导致贲门黏膜撕裂的发生。胃镜下可见贲门处纵向或三角形裂痕,伴渗血或出血。可适当给予黏膜保护剂和抑酸剂,出血多可自行停止。

四、气管或喉头痉挛

盲目进镜或进镜时适逢患者咳嗽易将胃镜误插入气管,镜内残留水滴或镜头附着的唾液进入气管,均会引起患者气管或喉头痉挛,使患者出现剧烈呛咳、喘鸣、呼吸困难、憋气、发绀。此时应立即退出胃镜,待症状接触后再进行检查。

五、唾液腺肿胀

唾液腺包括腮腺、颌下腺和舌下腺。多因检查过程中唾液分泌增加或腺管痉挛、腺管开口阻塞引起。唾液肿胀常可自愈,必要时可给予抗生素治疗。

六、严重的心脏相关并发症

心脏意外主要包括心脏骤停、心绞痛和心肌梗死,其中心跳骤停是最严重的并发症,多出现检查开始后的几十秒内,死亡率极高。心脏意外的原因主要有迷走神经受刺激或检查时合并低氧血症。在严格掌握适应证和禁忌证的情况下进行胃镜检查无需心电监护,但检查室内应常规备心电监护仪、心肺复苏的设备和药品。对有心率失常、心绞痛、非急性期心肌梗死病史者,术前可给予吸氧、应用抗心律失常及冠状动脉扩张药。一旦发生心脏意外应立即停止检查,并进行积极抢救。

七、消化道穿孔

消化道穿孔是内镜检查时出现的最严重的并发症之一,如处理不当常危及生命。最常见的部位为咽喉梨状窝和食管下端,还可见于胃和十二指肠。常见的原因有如下几个方面:①检查时患者不合作、检查者盲目粗暴进镜,往往导致咽喉梨状窝穿孔,出现颈部皮下气肿;②食管Zenker‘s憩室、贲门失弛缓症易发生食管穿孔,可表现为颈胸部皮下气肿,胸痛,呼吸困难;③瀑布形胃者或通过十二指肠球降结合部时,因医师技术不熟练或粗暴操作发生穿孔,穿孔瞬间常有剧烈疼痛,立位腹部X线检查见膈下游离气体可确诊。十二指肠腹膜后部穿孔可出现上腹痛向背部放射,CT检查可见十二指肠周围积液和后腹膜积气;④因溃疡处的胃壁较薄,加之注气过多并在溃疡中央处多次活检可诱发穿孔。

穿孔较小者可在内镜下行处理,出现气胸或胸腔积液者给予胸腔闭式引流;胃或十二指肠穿孔者应给予胃肠减压。内镜处理失败可选择经胸腔镜或腹腔镜修补。

八、出血

一半情况下进行胃镜检查很少出现需要处理的大出血,但在以下情况下要警惕出血的发生。①食管或胃底静脉曲张患者,内镜损伤或误做活检导致破裂出血。②Dieulafoy病患者,此病的病例特点为动脉分支由浆膜面垂直贯入黏膜下,管径不减小,保持恒径,恒径动脉是先天性发育异常。病例特点一般为2~5mm伴轻度炎症的胃黏膜缺损,缺损不侵犯肌层,缺损黏膜下有一异常的动脉。在胃镜检查活检时可引起出血。③出血性疾病或长期服用抗凝血或抗血小板药物者。

九、肺部并发症

胃镜检查时常见的肺部并发症为吸入性肺炎,多发生于无痛内镜检查的过程中、为胃潴留或大量出血患者,胃潴留同时行无痛内镜检查更易在胃镜检查时发生反流、误吸,从而引起吸入性肺炎的发生。此外因患者紧张憋气或胃镜部分压迫气道可能会引起轻度通气障碍,出血一过性的低氧血症。

十、感染

为防止乙型肝炎或丙型肝炎的传播,内镜检查前应常规检查乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒血清学标志物,对检查阳性者应用专门胃镜检查,并在检查后进行严格地消毒。此外,内镜医师及护士应注意防护,国外曾有幽门螺杆菌由患者向医师和护士传播的报道。目前还没有胃镜检查会传播HIV的报道。

十一、胃镜嵌顿

胃镜嵌顿的原因是镜身柔软易弯曲,镜身在狭窄的腔内出现弯曲反转或在反转观察胃底时因注气不足、视野不清而进入食管引起U型嵌顿。常见于食管、食管裂孔疝处、变形狭窄的胃腔、瀑布形胃的胃底部位,而以食管内反转最易出现,也最难处理,碰到此种情况,可在良好的心电监护条件下给予静脉麻醉,并在X线透视下通过调整旋钮和进镜尝试解除嵌顿;若条件允许也可进入另一胃镜将嵌顿胃镜推回胃腔。若上述措施仍不能解除,手术是唯一的选择。

十二、麻醉相关并发症

在有经验的麻醉师的配合下,静脉应用丙泊酚来减轻患者在行内镜检查时的痛苦,已经是一种非常安全有效的方法。但麻醉过深,患者可出现不同程度的呼吸、心跳抑制;麻醉过浅会因刺激出现反流、误吸。麻醉前应认真询问并评价患者的心肺功能。在行无痛内镜检查时,应密切监测被检者的呼吸和心率、血氧饱和度,必要时进行二氧化碳描记术,检查室内应常规准备加压面罩及气管插管的器械和药物。当出现心率减慢时,可适当给予阿托品;血氧饱和度降低时,可给予增加吸入氧浓度。颈部过度肥胖伴舌后坠者可给予抬举下颌,若仍无效,可行鼻咽通气道通气。

总之,胃镜检查是一种相对比较安全的消化道疾病检查方法,并发症的发生在所难免,但致死性并发症发生率极低,检查前做好患者的心理指导,使患者尽量放松配合检查,动作轻松熟练,仔细观察,尽量缩短检查时间,掌握好充气量,选好活检部位及深度是避免并发症发生的有效手段。

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    2017-06-29 大爰

    好文章学习了谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-06-28 1e182ff9m99(暂无匿称)

    此事件给我们消化内镜医生敲响警钟!严格掌握适应症、做好全面的术前检查、严密术后观察、术后告知等非常重要

    0

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    2017-06-27 ylzr123

    不错的方式,努力学习,刻苦专研,不断总结出来新经验。给点个赞!

    0

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    2017-06-27 flysky120

    胃镜学习一下

    0

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    2017-06-26 dhzzm

    胃镜可能诱发恶性心律失常,急性心肌梗死

    0

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    2017-06-26 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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Gastroenterology:延长胃镜检查时间提高病变检测率

内视镜检测慢的医师有较高的肿瘤检出比例,检查时间应作为胃镜质量的考察指标

如此医改委员,您还期待中国医改么?

医改与每位公民的自身利益息息相关,尤其是“医生”和“患者”。但是,关于医改的具体内容,相信许多医生的看法都是:改了这么多年,也没见什么明显成效,反而医闹越来越多。微博知名自媒体,同时也是医生的 @烧伤科超人阿宝 最近发表博文:“我网上网下也接触过几个所谓的医改专家,他们对中国医疗的无知程度简直令人发指,他们不是只了解一点,他们根本就是一点都不了解。他们带着对中国医疗的严重偏见和

APIC 2013:研究发现消化道内窥镜清洁失败较常见

感染控制和流行病专家协会(APIC)2013年会公布的一项研究表明,用于筛查的消化道内窥镜有相当一部分(3/20)存在清洁失败现象。   研究者们对美国5家医院275个用于结肠镜、胃镜和十二指肠镜检查的纤维内窥镜进行了分析。手工去污和消毒之后,清洗技师使用无菌水冲洗内镜。采集上述水样进行生物污染标志物三磷酸腺苷(ATP)分析,以ATP水平高于200相对光单位作为手工清洁失败阈值。结果显示,十二指

NEJM:食管贲门失弛缓症-案例报道

男性,63岁,既往有甲状腺功能减退病史,今因出现吞咽困难(固体食物或流质)10余年来未来院就诊。

United European Gastroenterol J:胃镜检查时EndoFaster可以实时监测幽门螺杆菌

在意大利进行了一项前瞻性研究结果显示,EndoFaster,一种新型的装置,自动实时测量胃液中的铵,准确地在内镜检查时检测幽门螺杆菌。该设备可以帮助医生识别或排除谁才是真正需要常规胃活检的人。EndoFaster(NISO Biomed)插入内窥镜和吸气系统之间,利用胃镜检查吸入的4ml胃液进行检测铵离子浓度。初步数据显示装置检测幽门螺杆菌的敏感性和特异性分别为96.7%和94.3%,与13C-尿

早期诊断胃癌,不做胃镜可以吗?

早期诊断胃癌,不做胃镜可能吗?日前,上海瑞金医院院长朱正纲教授领衔的转化医学研究团队发现胃癌诊断新标志物—验血可以用来化验胃癌,若再辅以必要的胃镜检查,将可大幅度提高我国胃癌的早期诊断率。 据悉,早期发现胃癌可达到95%以上的治愈率,而晚期胃癌的治愈率还不到10%.邻国日本从1963年起就在所有40岁以上国民中全面实行胃镜普查,使日本早期胃癌发现率达到60%以上;韩国