Science:新冠病毒最终会演变成一场症状轻微的普通感冒

2021-01-31 华中农大CX 生物世界

2021年1月12日,来自美国埃默里大学和宾夕法尼亚大学的科研人员通过对地方性人类冠状病毒 (HCoVs) 的免疫学和流行病学数据分析,发现机体内阻断感染的免疫反应(infecti

2021年1月12日,来自美国埃默里大学和宾夕法尼亚大学的科研人员通过对地方性人类冠状病毒 (HCoVs) 的免疫学和流行病学数据分析,发现机体内阻断感染的免疫反应(infection-blocking immunity)在迅速的减弱,而减少疾病发生相关的免疫(disease-reducing immunity)却可以长期保存在于人体内。

结合免疫相关组分,研究人员利用模型重述了目前新冠病毒的严重程度和HCoVs的性质并表明:一旦达到地方性流行并且首先暴露于儿童,那么 新冠病毒可能不比普通感冒更具毒性 。换句话说, 经过长时间的扩散流行,新冠病毒终究会演变成一场症状轻微的普通感冒!

 

 

新冠病毒的发展方向是我们现在所面临的共同困惑。众所周知,人类会经常受到环境中新出现的致病病原体的威胁,并造成了大部分的新生儿死亡。近几十年来,SARS、MERS、亨德拉 (Hendra) 、尼帕 (Nipah) 和埃博拉等急性病毒感染给人类带来了多重挑战。幸运的是, 所有这些病毒都被区域性的遏制住了 。但当遏制不能立即成功时,如新出现的冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2,可能更多的需要有效的措施和充足的考虑。

此外,由于病毒进化和宿主免疫和耐药性的积累,疾病的严重程度也会随之发生变化,地方性散发和持续性循环的现象将会不断发生。

新冠病毒病毒具有较高的基本传染数(R0值约为5.7),且在无症状的感染阶段是可传播的。 这两点对于病毒的传染性来讲都是非常致命的 。

然而, 还有其他六种冠状病毒,它们具有已知的人类传播链,这可能为未来的疾病大流行提供线索 。其中,有四种 人类冠状病毒 (HCoVs) 在全球各地自发传播它们只引起轻微的症状 ,并不是一个重要的公共卫生问题。另两种HCoV株 SARS-CoV-1和MERS-CoV ,在近几十年中也频繁出现,且有着比COVID-19具有更高的病例死亡率(CFRs)和感染死亡率(IFRs),但 从未广泛传播 。

根据疫苗建模理念,免疫可以从三个方面提供保护。其中,过滤性(sterilizing)免疫是最强的—这种免疫可以阻止病毒复制,从而使宿主难以再感染。如果免疫不能阻止再感染,它仍然可能由于再感染或减少传播性和传染性而减轻人体病理现象。

为此,科研人员基于IgM(急性反应)和IgG(长期记忆)对儿童和成人中所有四种HCoVs的年龄特异性血清阳性反应,重新分析了一个详细的数据集。IgM和IgG血清阳性率表明, 首次感染所有四种流行的HCoV病毒株都发生在生命早期 ,平均原发感染年龄在3.4至5.1岁之间,几乎每个人都在15岁前感染。 而15岁以上的人都没有检测到IgM滴度,这表明 成人的再感染会引起回忆性(或记忆性)反应 --虽然CoV特异性免疫反应可能会减弱,但它不会消失。

在爆发之初,病例的年龄分布在一定程度上反映了人口的年龄分布。然而,一旦感染的人口统计达到一个稳定的状态,通过模型预测结果显示:主要病例几乎完全发生在婴儿和幼儿时期。且新冠病毒的总感染比例是急剧下降的,最终低于季节性流感,甚至达到地方性稳定状态,而长期持续性的消毒过程减缓了向地方性扩散的进程。

为进一步验证模型的可行性,科研人员将预测扩展到另外两种潜在的冠状病毒感染--SARS和MERS。模型预测结果表明, 在流行状态下,CoV的IFR(感染死亡率)主要取决于儿童感染的严重程度 ,因为CoV-1与新冠病毒一样,在年轻人中具有较低的IFR(感染死亡率)。然而,并不是所有新兴的HCoVs都遵循这种乐观的模式--地方性MERS病毒的总体IFR(感染死亡率)不会在过渡到地方性流行期间下降。因此,在流行阶段,必须制定预防MERS的疫苗接种计划,以避免过渡阶段过高的死亡率。

 

相较于抗体反应,记忆性T细胞持续时间要长得多,并在动物模型系统中给予充分保护。为此,科研人员进一步考虑到病毒变异对自然感染和疫苗接种的影响。然而,事实表明,由先前毒株诱导的免疫仍然足够强大,没有引起严重的疾病。事实上,在HCoVs中,频繁的疫苗再注射似乎提高了对相关毒株的免疫力。因此,如果需要通过持续的病毒循环来频繁地增强免疫,以保持对机体的持续保护,那么疫苗设计最好可以模仿自然免疫。依据此预测理念,基于腺病毒的疫苗比轻度或无症状感染更能预防年轻个体中产生严重的病毒感染。因此, 及时有效的疫苗接种是非常有必要的。

总而言之,新模型正确地认识到功能性免疫对再感染、疾病、病毒脱落(病毒形成)和疫苗免疫的影响是不同的。 且一旦达到地方性流行阶段,其严重程度仅取决于儿童感染的严重程度,而儿童感染后为也成年时的再感染提供了保护。 与目前儿童时期严重的感染相比,新冠病毒从长远来看(5-10年)是可以加入温和的、引起寒冷的地方性人类冠状病毒的行列。即 经过长时间的演化后,新冠病毒仅仅是引起轻微症状的普通感冒病毒。

原始出处:

Lavine JS, Bjornstad ON, Antia R. Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity.Science. 2021 Jan 12:eabe6522. doi: 10.1126/science.abe6522

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    2021-03-04 oliver181
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    2021-02-02 jichang
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1745869, encodeId=1a2b1e4586905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34a5666451b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#演变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66645, encryptionId=34a5666451b, topicName=演变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96a135615295, createdName=oliver181, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 21:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1924939, encodeId=277b1924939ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51d359969ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#普通感冒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59969, encryptionId=51d359969ac, topicName=普通感冒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=754b42, createdName=Luyuxie_9, createdTime=Mon Aug 02 18:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1376246, encodeId=53a613e624622, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 09:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1029057, encodeId=8b08102905e49, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921735, encodeId=3675921e3545, content=了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:42:27 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921733, encodeId=413c921e3337, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=65b05806579' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒#</a>若真是如此,就好了,事实上目前的普通感冒就是冠状病毒,也许将来有一天,目前的新冠病毒也转变了普通<a href='/topic/show?id=06d8532588f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感冒#</a>中的冠状病毒的一种。在全球,10%~30%的上呼吸道感染由HCoV-229E、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-NL63和HCoV-HKU1四类冠状病毒引起,在造成普通感冒的病因中占第二位,仅次于鼻病毒。感染呈现季节性流行,每年春季和冬季为疾病高发期。潜伏期2-5天,人群普遍易感。主要通过人与人接触传播。新冠可能成为第5种,或者就会在地球上消失!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58065, encryptionId=65b05806579, topicName=新冠病毒), TopicDto(id=53258, encryptionId=06d8532588f, topicName=感冒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211210/ede9c51184aa4f54ae6c1164cfb8eeac/967dbf3eff2943c7bf3ccfec3a776ab0.JPG, createdBy=a33789389, createdName=病毒猎手, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:35:23 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-31 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1745869, encodeId=1a2b1e4586905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34a5666451b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#演变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66645, encryptionId=34a5666451b, topicName=演变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96a135615295, createdName=oliver181, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 21:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1924939, encodeId=277b1924939ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51d359969ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#普通感冒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59969, encryptionId=51d359969ac, topicName=普通感冒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=754b42, createdName=Luyuxie_9, createdTime=Mon Aug 02 18:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1376246, encodeId=53a613e624622, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 09:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1029057, encodeId=8b08102905e49, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921735, encodeId=3675921e3545, content=了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:42:27 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921733, encodeId=413c921e3337, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=65b05806579' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒#</a>若真是如此,就好了,事实上目前的普通感冒就是冠状病毒,也许将来有一天,目前的新冠病毒也转变了普通<a href='/topic/show?id=06d8532588f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感冒#</a>中的冠状病毒的一种。在全球,10%~30%的上呼吸道感染由HCoV-229E、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-NL63和HCoV-HKU1四类冠状病毒引起,在造成普通感冒的病因中占第二位,仅次于鼻病毒。感染呈现季节性流行,每年春季和冬季为疾病高发期。潜伏期2-5天,人群普遍易感。主要通过人与人接触传播。新冠可能成为第5种,或者就会在地球上消失!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58065, encryptionId=65b05806579, topicName=新冠病毒), TopicDto(id=53258, encryptionId=06d8532588f, topicName=感冒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211210/ede9c51184aa4f54ae6c1164cfb8eeac/967dbf3eff2943c7bf3ccfec3a776ab0.JPG, createdBy=a33789389, createdName=病毒猎手, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:35:23 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-31 wxl882001

    了解

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1745869, encodeId=1a2b1e4586905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34a5666451b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#演变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66645, encryptionId=34a5666451b, topicName=演变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96a135615295, createdName=oliver181, createdTime=Thu Mar 04 21:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1924939, encodeId=277b1924939ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51d359969ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#普通感冒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59969, encryptionId=51d359969ac, topicName=普通感冒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=754b42, createdName=Luyuxie_9, createdTime=Mon Aug 02 18:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1376246, encodeId=53a613e624622, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 09:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1029057, encodeId=8b08102905e49, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:07:48 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921735, encodeId=3675921e3545, content=了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:42:27 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921733, encodeId=413c921e3337, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=65b05806579' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒#</a>若真是如此,就好了,事实上目前的普通感冒就是冠状病毒,也许将来有一天,目前的新冠病毒也转变了普通<a href='/topic/show?id=06d8532588f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感冒#</a>中的冠状病毒的一种。在全球,10%~30%的上呼吸道感染由HCoV-229E、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-NL63和HCoV-HKU1四类冠状病毒引起,在造成普通感冒的病因中占第二位,仅次于鼻病毒。感染呈现季节性流行,每年春季和冬季为疾病高发期。潜伏期2-5天,人群普遍易感。主要通过人与人接触传播。新冠可能成为第5种,或者就会在地球上消失!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58065, encryptionId=65b05806579, topicName=新冠病毒), TopicDto(id=53258, encryptionId=06d8532588f, topicName=感冒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211210/ede9c51184aa4f54ae6c1164cfb8eeac/967dbf3eff2943c7bf3ccfec3a776ab0.JPG, createdBy=a33789389, createdName=病毒猎手, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:35:23 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-31 病毒猎手

    #新冠病毒#若真是如此,就好了,事实上目前的普通感冒就是冠状病毒,也许将来有一天,目前的新冠病毒也转变了普通#感冒#中的冠状病毒的一种。在全球,10%~30%的上呼吸道感染由HCoV-229E、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-NL63和HCoV-HKU1四类冠状病毒引起,在造成普通感冒的病因中占第二位,仅次于鼻病毒。感染呈现季节性流行,每年春季和冬季为疾病高发期。潜伏期2-5天,人群普遍易感。主要通过人与人接触传播。新冠可能成为第5种,或者就会在地球上消失!

    0

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