Cell:别怪夜猫子自制力差,他们可能是基因突变了!

2017-04-08 漱石 生物探索

洛克菲勒大学的研究人员发现,睡眠相位后移综合症存在一种名为CRY1的生物钟基因的突变,该研究团队4月6日在Cell上报道了这项研究成果。如果你是一只晚上睡不着,早上起不来的夜猫子,并且常常因此被冠上“自制力差”的污名。你或许可以以一个新借口进行反击——近日一项新研究表明,夜猫子可能也是身不由己,因为他们的基因发生突变了!众所周知,生物钟控制着动物的睡眠觉醒周期等生理活动的节律,而生物节律的产生又依

洛克菲勒大学的研究人员发现,睡眠相位后移综合症存在一种名为CRY1的生物钟基因的突变,该研究团队4月6日在Cell上报道了这项研究成果。

如果你是一只晚上睡不着,早上起不来的夜猫子,并且常常因此被冠上“自制力差”的污名。你或许可以以一个新借口进行反击——近日一项新研究表明,夜猫子可能也是身不由己,因为他们的基因发生突变了!

众所周知,生物钟控制着动物的睡眠觉醒周期等生理活动的节律,而生物节律的产生又依赖于一系列生物钟基因。洛克菲勒大学的研究人员发现,钟基因CRY1的突变减慢了体内生物钟。携带这种“夜猫子”突变的人比大多数人有更长的昼夜周期,这使得他们保持清醒的时间推迟,该研究团队4月6日在Cell上报道了这项研究成果。

夜猫子与睡眠相位后移综合症

疾病控制和预防中心估计,美国有五千万到七千万的成年人患有睡眠或觉醒障碍。这些症状——从失眠到嗜眠发作,可能使人们患上慢性疾病,包括糖尿病,肥胖和抑郁症。

认为自己是夜猫子的人经常被诊断为睡眠相位后移综合症(DSPD)。他们的24小时睡眠-觉醒周期推迟,使他们在大多数人睡着后很长时间都还精力充沛。

晚睡有显而易见其缺点:大多数DSPD患者被迫在自然醒之前起床,以按时上班或上学,这不仅导致他们夜间失眠,还导致白天疲劳。

自由振荡的睡眠周期

Young的实验室已经研究了三十多年的生物钟,他们发现了一系列影响果蝇、人类或其他动物摄食、睡眠节律的基因。为了了解已知的钟基因突变是否与DSPD有关,Young以及研究人员Alina Patke(这项新研究的共同第一作者)与Weill Cornell医学院的睡眠研究人员进行了合作。被试者被要求在实验室的公寓里度过两周时间,他们所处的环境没有任何时间提示,并随心所欲地任何时间吃饭和睡觉。此外,研究人员还收集了每个人的皮肤细胞。

大多数人在进入这样一个环境中时,内在生物钟会使他们维持约24小时的睡眠-觉醒周期。然而, DSPD被试者不仅推迟睡眠,而且一个周期的时间长了约30分钟。此外,随着昼夜节律振荡的体温变化和激素(包括负责调控睡眠的褪黑激素)也被推迟。

“在大多数人中,褪黑激素水平在晚上9点或10点左右开始上升,” Young说,“但是在DSPD患者中,直到凌晨2点或3点才会发生。”

DSPD患者CRY1发生突变

研究人员在检测了DSPD患者的DNA后,发现钟基因之一——CRY1发生了突变。

生物节律的产生及维持是一系列与生物钟相关的基因调控的结果。核心钟基因BMAL1-CLOCK形成的异二聚体能够与CRY等一系列钟控基因上的E-box元件结合,启动这些基因的转录。随着CRY蛋白表达逐渐增多,它将进入细胞核中,抑制异二聚体的作用。因此,细胞中CRY 的蛋白合成开始减少。如此循环,使基因的转录水平呈现出24h的振荡周期。但是,Young和Patke发现,DSPD患者的突变导致CRY1蛋白更加活跃,它们的抑制作用更强,从而使周期延长。

研究人员接触了患者家族中的其他成员,并发现了携带CRY1突变的5名亲属。他们都有DSPD的迹象,或持续的睡眠问题的历史。

然后,Young的团队又考察了来自世界各地的大型遗传数据库,以确定CRY1突变的流行率。通过与土耳其研究人员合作,他们首次发现了许多无关的家族和几十名携带CRY1突变土耳其人。研究人员与他们接触并进行访谈和问卷调查后,确认了38名突变患者睡眠行为异常,而不携带CRY1突变的亲属则不存在异常的睡眠模式。

最后,在搜索CRY1突变的更大遗传数据库后,Young的研究组计算出,在非芬兰的欧洲血统中每75人就有一人携带至少一个DSPD突变拷贝。突变是显性的,这意味着只有一个拷贝也可能导致睡眠障碍。

研究人员说,现在对DSPD患者进行CRY1突变测试没有确定的好处。

“找到原因并不能立即解决问题,”Patke说,“但是,根据这一机制在未来开发相关药物也不是不可能。”

目前,许多DSPD患者能够通过遵循严格的时间表来控制睡眠周期,并比他们自然的睡眠时间提前。

“这有点像吸烟,我们可以在药物出现之前做些事情来帮助解决这个问题。” Young说。此外,一些患者在白天接受强烈光照似乎能有一定帮助。

目前,研究团队下一步打算确定CRY1突变是否也会影响DSPD人群的代谢周期,因为生物节律不仅调节睡眠,也调节饥饿以及代谢物和激素的水平。

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    2018-01-22 维他命
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    2017-04-09 lyh994

    为什么会有生物节律呢?

    0

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    2017-04-08 天涯183

    很有意思的研究

    0

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    2017-04-08 cqykthl

    任何一个现象都是有迹可寻的!

    0

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    2017-04-08 shaosai

    好好学习,涨知识

    0

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