臂丛神经阻滞诱发短暂听力障碍一例

2018-04-24 何靖 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,女,48岁,因“右手外伤2h”入院,拟在臂丛神经阻滞下行右侧桡骨骨折切开复位内固定术

【一般资料】

患者,女,48岁

【主诉】

因“右手外伤2h”入院,拟在臂丛神经阻滞下行右侧桡骨骨折切开复位内固定术

【既往史】

患者既往体健,否认青霉素等药物及食物过敏史,否认耳疾病病史,否认耳毒性药物使用史。

【辅助检查】

血常规提示轻度贫血,凝血常规正常,ECG正常,ASAII级,心肺听诊未闻及异常。

【治疗】

术前常规禁食8h,禁饮6h。手术前30min肌注阿托品0.5mg和苯巴比妥钠0.1g。患者入室后常规监测HR、NIBP、SpO2,输液,吸氧。术前BP130/80mmHg,HR80次/分,SpO299%。患者取仰卧位,头后仰尽量偏向对侧,取肌间沟入路靠近肩胛舌骨肌处即为穿刺点,22G穿刺针垂直刺入,针尖略向尾侧进针,进针深度约2cm时患者诉右前臂麻木、酸胀,反复回抽无血无脑脊液,缓慢推入10%利多卡因与0.25%甲磺酸罗哌卡因混合液5ml,询问患者有无眩晕,耳鸣,患者未述异常,缓慢推入局麻药25ml,8min后出现右侧鼻塞、眼睑下垂、面部发红,无耳鸣,无头晕、恶心呕吐等症状,测试麻醉平面满足手术需求后开始手术,术中患者生命体征平稳,无明显不适,手术时间共1h。术后1h患者感觉右侧听力减退,做听力测试,根据言语频率(500~4000Hz)的平均听阈,患者右侧听阈存在60dB的缺失,左侧正常,请五官科会诊,考虑与局麻药作用有关,未做任何特殊处理,术后8h患者右侧听力恢复,无明显后遗症。

【讨论】

臂丛神经阻滞后出现听力障碍较少见,主要是因为出现听力障碍的临床症状不明显,需要通过听力测试才能发现,常被麻醉医师忽视。有学者通过对20例行臂丛神经阻滞的患者分别在术前、术后的听力监测,发现4例患者术后出现一过性同侧不同频率的听力损害。其原因可能是由于局部交感神经阻滞,引起咽鼓管和中耳的血管扩张,导致中耳至内耳的声传导受阻,间接影响了耳蜗的螺旋器,导致同侧听力下降。国内报道过1例右侧锁骨骨折在颈丛神经阻滞下行内固定取出术,术后1h患者出现右侧听力障碍,3h后听力恢复。本例患者行臂丛神经阻滞后出现了右侧鼻塞、眼睑下垂、面部发红等症状。此外,患者没有出现耳鸣、头晕、恶心呕吐等症状,排除了局麻药中毒,出现听力障碍的机制考虑也是与交感神经阻滞有关。本例患者并没有做特殊处理也是考虑麻醉作用消退后,患者听力应该能恢复。麻醉后听力损害的患者大部分可能没有临床症状,很难被发现,而且大多数患者麻醉后听力损害能在数日内自行恢复,不需要特殊处理。但是也有患者术后听力损害持续数月不能恢复,因此有学者建议不应等待患者听力自行恢复,而是采取相关治疗措施包括使用血管扩张药物以及类固醇激素等。此外,年龄是术后听力损害的危险因素,有研究发现40岁左右的年轻患者术后容易出现临床症状不明显的听力损害。存在耳毒性的药物多达130种,这些药物在术前或者是术后患者都有可能接触到,麻醉医师应了解这些药物的耳毒性,避免或者减少其使用,术后随访应注意患者是否存在临床症状不明显的听力损害,可以通过听力测试来早期发现和及时治疗。

原始出处:

何靖. 臂丛神经阻滞诱发短暂听力障碍一例[J]. 临床麻醉学杂志, 2017, 33(11):1052-1052.

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    2018-04-26 docwu2019
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    2018-04-24 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^

    0

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